COMPARATIVE TESTS OF SIX SIZES OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE I. INTRODUCTION 1. Preliminary Statement.-Until a few years ago practically all of the coal used on locomotives was mine-run coal-the entire un- screened products of the mines. In recent years, however, increasing quantities of screened lump coal have been used in locomotive service. This increase in the consumption of lump coal has been due partly to economic factors, such as the increasing market for the screenings which result from the production of lump coal; and partly to the belief that lump coal, when burned on a locomotive, produces enough more steam than mine-run coal to compensate for its greater cost. Special considerations, such as the desire to lessen the amount of smoke formed, have also led in some instances to the use of lump coal, which is gen- erally believed to require less skill in firing than mine-run coal. Be- cause of the gradual adoption of mechanical stokers for locomotives, the railroads are also using constantly increasing amounts of various sizes of screenings for locomotive fuel. Thus far they have made com- paratively little use of any except the sizes mentioned, although traffic and market conditions occasionally make it feasible and desirable to employ such sizes as egg, egg-run, and nut coal on locomotives, pro- vided the prices are such as to warrant their use. Under these circumstances railway purchasing departments are continually confronted with the problem of choosing between mine- run and lump coal, and occasionally with that of choosing between these and other sizes as well as between various sizes of screenings. For such a choice, information regarding the relative values of the various sizes of coal in locomotive service is obviously essential; but unfortunately very little such information is in existence. Nearly all locomotive laboratory tests have been made with mine-run coal, and what little information is available concerning the relative values of mine-run and lump coal has been derived from road tests, and is inadequate and conflicting. There are practically no data concerning the other sizes. An appreciation of the situation thus briefly reviewed, and a recognition of the economic importance of reliable information on this 7 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION subject led, in 1914, to the appointment by The International Railway Fuel Association of a special Committee on Fuel Tests. This com- mittee was instructed to arrange tests in locomotive service for various sizes of coal in order to determine their steam-producing capacities and to define their relative values. This committee held its first meet- ing in November, 1914, at the University of Illinois, and arrangements then broached in conference between the committee and the repre- sentatives of the Engineering Experiment Station of the University later resulted in an agreement for co-operation between the Fuel Asso- ciation, the University, and the United States Bureau of Mines in carrying on an investigation of the subject under consideration. The tests whose results are here presented constitute the beginning of this investigation. The agreement contemplates the continuation of the research on coals from various other fields. Under the terms of this agreement the University of Illinois has furnished the facilities of its locomotive laboratory, the services of the staff of its department of railway engineering, and a portion of the funds required for the tests; the Fuel Association has provided the remainder of the funds; and the Bureau of Mines has made all the chemical analyses and the heat determinations of the coal, ash, and cinders. In perfecting these ar- rangements, the Fuel Association was represented by the committee whose members are named in Section 2; and the Bureau of Mines, by Director Van. H. Manning, and Mr. O. P. Hood, Chief Mechanical Engineer. The funds supplied by the Fuel Association were obtained by subscription and did not become available until the Spring of 1916; the locomotive, then under construction, was not delivered until the Fall of that year. The tests were begun in December, 1916, and were completed in February, 1917. The body of this bulletin contains information concerning the test program, the coal, the locomotive, the laboratory, the test methods and conditions, and the results. Appendixes I, II, and III contain more detailed statements regarding the locomotive and the methods, and complete tabulated results. In Appendix IV, there are presented certain data relating to engine performance. In Appendix V, there are the results of a few of the tests which, in order to study the uni- formity of conditions during their progress, were divided into three periods, and the data for each period were separately calculated. The results of this investigation have already been presented in a report to the International Railway Fuel Association Convention TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE held in Chicago in May, 1917; and, in somewhat different form, will appear in the Proceedings of the Association for this year. 2. Acknowledgments.-The Committee on Fuel Tests previously referred to, under whose direction the work was planned and the general program defined, was composed of the following: J. G. CRAWFORD, Fuel Engineer, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, Chairman H. B. BROWN, General Fuel Inspector, Illinois Central Rail- road W. P. HAWKINS, Fuel Agent, Missouri Pacific Railway Sys- tem O. P. HOOD, Chief Mechanical Engineer, United States Bureau of Mines L. R. PYLE, Fuel Supervisor, Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Railroad W. L. ROBINSON, Supervisor of Fuel Consumption, Baltimore & Ohio Railroad E. C. SCHMIDT, Professor of Railway Engineering, University of Illinois The locomotive used during the tests was loaned by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, through the interest and courtesy of Mr. J. M. DAVIS, Vice President; Mr. F. H. CLARK, General Superin- tendent of Motive Power; and Mr. M. K. BARNUM, Assistant to the Vice President. The tests came at a time when traffic demands were extraordinary, and the loan of the locomotive constituted as great a contribution to the work as that made by any other agency. The funds provided by the International Railway Fuel Association were donated to the Association by the following railroads, coal com- panies, and railway supply manufacturers: ATCHISON, TOPEKA, AND SANTA FE RAILWAY ATLANTIC COAST LINE RAILWAY BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY CHICAGO, INDIANAPOLIS, AND LOUISVILLE RAILWAY ERIE RAILROAD LONG ISLAND RAILROAD MINNEAPOLIS, ST. PAUL, AND SAULT STE. MARIE RAILWAY NORFOLK AND WESTERN RAILWAY ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION ST. Louis SOUTHWESTERN RAILWAY SEABOARD AIR LINE RAILWAY BIG MUDDY COAL AND IRON COMPANY T. C. KELLER AND COMPANY OLD BEN COAL CORPORATION W. P. REND AND COMPANY SOUTHERN COAL AND MINING COMPANY TAYLOR COAL COMPANY UNITED COAL MINING COMPANY AMERICAN ARCH COMPANY AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE COMPANY FRANKLIN RAILWAY SUPPLY COMPANY LOCOMOTIVE STOKER COMPANY LOCOMOTIVE SUPERHEATER COMPANY THE PILLIOD COMPANY The Locomotive Stoker Company and the Baltimore and Ohio, the Chicago and Northwestern, the Erie, and the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Railroad Companies each delegated to the laboratory a man to act as test observer and calculator for the entire period of the tests. Mr. L. R. Pyle, Fuel Supervisor of the road last named, was in charge of the cab operations and supervised the work of the fireman. The uniformity attained in the firing and in the conditions of combustion was due largely to the experience and skill of Mr. Pyle. The department of mining engineering of the University of Illinois contributed the use of its laboratory facilities for crushing and sam- pling the coal and analysing the flue gas; and Professors H. H. Stoek and E. A. Holbrook of that department gave advice on many matters connected with the investigation. The laboratory coal screen used in the tests was designed by Professor Holbrook. II. PURPOSE AND PROGRAM As has been stated, the ultimate purpose of the tests was to deter- mine the relative values of different sizes of coal when burned on a locomotive. The immediate purpose was to find for each size, at two rates of evaporation, the number of pounds of water evaporated per pound of coal, in the expectation that these values of evaporation would provide a proper basis for comparing the performance of the sizes and for defining their relative values. The tests were made on a Mikado (2-8-2) type locomotive. TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE Six sizes of Franklin County, Illinois, coal were selected-mine run, 2-inch by 3-inch nut, 3-inch by 6-inch egg, 2-inch lump, 2-inch screenings, and 11/4-inch screenings. The general test program in- volved for each size of coal six tests, three of which were made at a medium rate of evaporation, and the remaining three at a high rate. The medium rate was chosen to represent an average rate of working the locomotive, in so far as it is possible to define such an average. During tests run at this medium rate about 23,000 pounds of water were evaporated per hour under the prevailing conditions of steam pressure, superheat temperature and feedwater temperature; from 3,100 to 4,300 pounds of coal were fired per hour; and the engine was worked at 33 per cent cut-off and at about 19 miles per hour, develop- ing approximately 1,300 indicated horse power and about 22,500 pounds drawbar pull. During tests when the engine was worked at the high rate of evaporation, about 43,000 pounds of water were evapo- rated per hour, the hourly coal consumption varied from about 7,000 to 9,300 pounds, the cut-off and speed were respectively 55 per cent and 26 miles per hour, while the horse power was about 2,200, and the drawbar pull about 28,500 pounds. The number of tests actually run with each size at each rate of evaporation was as follows: SIZE OF COAL Mine Run . . . . . .... 2' x 3' Nut . . . . . . . . . 3' x 6" Egg .. . ..... 2' Lump . . . . . . . 2' Screenings . . . . . . 1MY Screenings . . . . . . No. of Tests at No. of Tests at the Medium Rate the High Rate of Evaporation 3 4 3 3 3 3 of Evaporation 3 3 3 4 2 2 III. THE COAL USED 3. Source and Mining Methods.-All coal used during the tests was secured from the United Coal Mining Company's Mine No. 1, located one mile east of Christopher, Franklin County, Illinois, on the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Rail- roads. This mine was chosen by the Fuel Association Committee be- cause western railroads draw a large fuel supply from this field, and because of its nearness to the locomotive laboratory. The coal is derived from what is designated by the Illinois Geologi- ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION cal Survey as bed No. 6 of the Carboniferous Age, Carbondale forma- tion. The bed averages in thickness at this mine about 9 feet and carries almost throughout, at from 18 to 30 inches from the floor, a "blue band" variable in thickness and consisting of "bone," shaly coal, or gray shale. The mine is worked under the room-and-pillar system, and the coal is undercut with electric chain machines. It separates at a parting of mother coal about 14 to 30 inches from the top of the bed, and the coal above this parting is left for the roof. The coal face and the mine itself are quite uniformly dry. All the coal was mined, screened, and loaded by the methods usually employed at the mine for supplying the ordinary commercial product. It was inspected during the process of loading by one of the regular fuel inspectors of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Rail- road, who at the time of inspection took at the tipple samples for analysis, the results of which were later used to compare the moisture in the coal when loaded with its moisture content when used at the laboratory. While it was originally planned to ship all test coal in box cars to protect it from the weather during transit and before it could be un- loaded at the laboratory, only two cars of mine-run coal were so shipped. Under the prevailing conditions of business and car sup- ply, the plan proved impracticable and had to be abandoned, and all coal except these two car loads was shipped in ordinary flat-bottomed gondola cars. As promptly as possible after its receipt at the labora- tory-on the average 6 days, and in no instance more than 12 days after its arrival-the coal was unloaded into covered bins where it remained protected from the weather until used. The cars were un- loaded by hand shoveling about as they would have been at some of the older types of railway coal pockets, and the coal was probably sub- jected to about the same amount of breakage in this process. The maximum time which elapsed between loading the coal at the mine and testing it was 37 days in one instance. Taking the tests as a whole the average time between loading and testing was about 25 days. 4. Preparation.-At the mine all coal was dumped from the mine cars into a hopper from which it was run out on a stationary deadplate where it spread out before reaching the shaking screens. The various sizes were prepared as follows: The mine run coal was the entire unselected product of the mine. The 2-inch lump was made by passing mine run coal over a screen TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE having 144 square feet area with 2-inch round openings, and consisted of everything going over this screen. The 2-inch by 3-inch nut consisted of what passed over the prev- iously mentioned screen and through a screen having 72 square feet area with 3-inch perforations; and it was re-screened over a stationary screen having an area of 18 square feet with slots 7/s-inch wide and 8-inches long, and a stationary screen of 20 square feet area with 11/4-inch round perforations. The 3-inch by 6-inch egg passed first over a screen having 144 square feet area with 2-inch round perforations and 72 square feet area with 3-inch round perforations, and then through a screen having 32 square feet area with 6-inch round perforations. The 2-inch screenings were passed through the screen over which the 2-inch lump coal was made, namely, 144 square feet area with 2-inch round perforations. The 11/4-inch screenings were made at the re-screening plant through a revolving screen having 411 square feet area of plate with 3/4-inch round perforations and 188 square feet area of plate with 11/4-inch perforations. 5. Chemical Analyses.-During the progress of each test, while the coal was being loaded into the charging wagons to be taken to the firing platform, samples were taken for the purpose of analysis. These samples varied in amount from 500 to 1000 pounds, and they were taken according to methods prescribed by the American Society for Testing Materials as set forth in the year book of the society for 1915. The sampling process is described in Appendix II. Under arrange- ments made with the United States Bureau of Mines, all analyses of coal, ash, and cinders were made at the laboratories of the bureau in Pittsburgh, where the samples were shipped immediately upon the conclusion of each test. The results of these analyses are given for each test in the tables in Appendix III. The averages of the coal analyses for all tests made with each grade of coal are presented in Table I. An inspection of this table reveals a rather unusual uniformity among the various sizes with regard to their composition and heating value. Consider- ing all six sizes, the ash content varied from 8.06 per cent to 10.59 per cent and the heating value per pound of dry coal varied from 12,711 to 13,239 B. t. u. The analyses for the two sizes of screenings correspond very closely in all respects and their average heating value ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 1 THE CHEMICAL ANALYSES AND HEATING VALUES OF THE COALS (The table gives the averages for all tests for each size.) Proximate Analyses- Calorific Values UltimateAnalyses- Coal as Fired Coal as Fired a .1 | sIZE COAL a ash f sis 8.94 per cent-a difference of 1.64 per cent. As would be expected, Sm i an in iat positio s - 0 558 M S s ings and the egg, nut and lump, both with regard to ash content and to heating value. The uniformity of the analyses and of the in their mechanical make-up, and only in small measure to differences 4 o Pý PA P, U 0 6. The Make-up of the Coals as Received.-Because of differences Mine Run ......... 81434184792 976 0.9511873 12926 144636663 4 28 1.55 8.69 7 82 2'x 3'Nut ........ 8.6034.8347.70 8.87 0.8811957130821448767.50 4.36 1.38 8.42 8.48 3'x6'Egg ........ 8.8234.5748.56 8 .06 0.9412071132391452368.19 4.50 1.51 7.99.... 2'Lump .......... 92734 64749 9.07 0.881181713023 1446966.34 4.23 1.49 8.73.... 2'Screenings...... 92532054812159 0. 851155012727 1440865 74 443 1 7.66 Screenings.... 9 09c32.3448 011 57 0. 97115 127111435 6549 435 1 8.1 907 based on dry coal, was only about two per cent less than the average heating value of the four large sizes. Their average ash content was 10.58 per cent, and the average ash for the other sizes was 8.94 per cent-a difference of 1.64 per cent. As would be expected, the mine run occupies an intermediate position between the screen- ings and the egg, nut and lump, both with regard to ash content and to heating value. The uniformity of the analyses and of the heating values makes it clear that such differences in performance as developed between the various sizes are due chiefly to differences in their mechanical make-up, and only in small measure to differences in their chemical composition. This fact is further emphasized by discussion which appears later in the report. 6. The Make-up of the Coals as Received.-Because of differences in the nature of the coal, in mining methods, and in methods of prep- aration, there is frequently much uncertainty about the meaning of such terms as " mine run," . ' lump," etc. The mine run grade from a district where the coal is soft and friable, for example, is likely to contain a larger proportion of fine coal than mine run made from a harder coal. Similarly the methods of mining, the use of bar instead of plate screens, or square-hole instead of round-hole screens, all entail differences in the make-up of coals which are designated by identical names. For these reasons the laboratory has devised a method of screening samples of the coals used during tests for the TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE purpose of separating them into their size elements in order to be able to define and record the actual mechanical make-up of the various grades.* All the coals used in these tests were thus screened, and this screening process is referred to in the report as the mechanical analysis. The samples for this purpose were taken while the cars were being unloaded, by methods which are described in Appendix II. Three carloads each of mine run and lump, and two carloads of each of the other four grades were received at the laboratory. For both the mine run and the lump coals, two of the three carloads of each size were sampled for screening. Samples were taken from each car of nut and each car of egg, whereas the two cars of 2-inch screenings and the two cars of 11/-inch screenings were combined for each size, and one sam- ple only was taken from each. There was thus taken for mechanical analysis a total of ten samples, each of which weighed about two tons. These samples were screened by means of the specially designed shaker screen shown in Fig. 1. This consists of two inclined steel frames each of which is supported by four vertical wooden slab springs. These frames are shaken by connecting rods attached to the pulley-driven eccentrics which appear at the right of the figure, and which were run at a speed of 80 revolutions per minute. The frames carry removable plate screens provided with round perfor- ations. Five such screens were used perforated respectively with 4-inch, 2-inch, 1-inch, 1-inch, and l/-inch holes. Starting with the 4-inch screen in the upper and the 2-inch screen in the lower frame, one of the samples-mine run, for example- was fed over the upper frame and the coal was separated in three parts; one containing what passed over the 4-inch screen, the other what passed through the 4-inch screen and over the 2-inch screen, and the screenings which passed through the 2-inch screen. The first two portions were then set aside for weighing, the screens were replaced by the plates with 1-inch and /2-inch holes, the screenings were again fed onto the upper plate and the process repeated, ending finally with. the 1/4-inch screen. In this way the sample was divided into six parts whose size limits were as designated by the headings of Columns 2 to 7 in Table 2. These parts were then weighed and the ratios of their weights to that of the original sample were calculated. *The term "grade" is occasionally used throughout this bulletin instead of the word "size." It refers solely to one of the six sizes tested, and does not imply any difference in quality or kind. ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION Table 2 presents the average values of these ratios and it defines, therefore, for each grade the magnitude of the size elements which went to make up the original coal and thus records definitely its com- position. The significance of Table 2 is perhaps made clearer by TABLE 2 THE SIZE ELEMENTS OF THE COALS AS RECEIVED AT THE LABORATORY (This table gives the direct results of the separation made by the use of the laboratory screens) Per Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent P t Cent Per Cent SZE OF COAL e through through through through through IZo 4' over 2' over 1 over ov troug Total en 2Screen 1 S Screen % ScSreenA S Screen Sccr een 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mine Run........ 29.6 22.31 16.81 11.4 7.4 12.5 100.0 2' x 3 Nut ....... .... 63.9 30.3 2.8 1.1 1.9 100.0 3'x 6'Egg ....... 41.0 48.3 5.3 2.0 1.1 2.3 100.0 2' Lump.......... 61.6 26.4 7.5 1.9 .9 1.7 100.0 2' Screenings ..... .... .... 33.2 25.7 14.2 26.9 100.0 1%' Screenings ... .... .... 4.5 37.9 20.0 37.6 100.0 1 Derived from plotted curves (Fig. 9). Figs 3 to 8 inclusive. Each of these illustrations applies to one of the sizes and each figure is reproduced from a photograph of the various size elements which came from the screen and which, after weighing, were assembled side by side as shown in the cuts. These figures pre- sent graphically the same information as is given in Table 2. Fig. 2 is reproduced from photographs of the original coal samples and repre- sents the six sizes as they were received at the laboratory. The facts presented in Table 2 may be re-combined to permit tab- ular and graphical definitions of the grades in another form. Con- sidering in Table 2 the 2-inch by 3-inch nut coal, if we add Columns 4 to 7 we find that 36.1 per cent of this coal passes through a 2-inch screen. Adding Columns 5, 6, and 7 we find that 5.8 per cent will pass through a 1-inch screen, etc. Obviously also 100 per cent of this grade passed a 3-inch screen in the original preparation at the mine. The total per cents passing the various sized screens determined in this manner from Table 2 are assembled in Table 3, where we find that for the 2-inch by 3-inch nut coal, 31.1 per cent, 5.8 per cent, 3.0 per cent, and 1.9 per cent passed respectively 2-inch, 1-inch, 1/-inch, and /4-inch screens. If now we plot as in Fig. 9 the per- centages given in Table 3, together with the corresponding screen size, we get for the nut coal curve No. 3 there drawn, which serves to FIG. 1. THE LABORATORY COAL SCREEN MINE RUN 2" LUMP 2"X3" NUT 3"X6" EGG 2" SCREENINGS 14" SCREENINGS FIG. 2. THE SIX SIZES OF COAL USED DURING THE TESTS, IN THE CONDITION IN WHICH THEY WERE DELIVERED AT THE LABORATORY 4it 4o t0 41 4' It0 awo U x 4' ^ 0 41 0 0 I o-0 oN I> i-0 o- N-o (O- "r> 1-0 a: LI 0 0 Q 0 m o- ] IE c 0s § 0 4 4t 4r 4 0a - flJ 4 la z z W 4 4 4 a 2; w S 0 4~ 4 0 WO I 4 r § u3 a 8a: a gm 5· TO m co !>* 4 4 i-^ 4 4 I 03 a or I on O> ^ §- ~ 4 a 4I 4? 4 A Oit ow I- (K1 0 I- 3 I a a. g K Sr- TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 21 define its composition and which permits us to determine not only the percentages which successively pass through the screen openings marked in Fig. 9, but presumably to determine these percentages for screens of any intermediate size. The six curves drawn in Fig. 9 are plotted from the percentage values and the screen sizes given in Table 3 for each of the grades. Those portions of the curves drawn with broken lines are not supported by direct experimental data. The scale shown in the upper part of the diagram represents the screen sizes which are commonly used in the mines of southern Illinois. TABLE 3 THE MAKE-UP OF THE COALS AS RECEIVED AT THE LABORATORY (This table presents the results computed from Table 2) SSIZE OF COAL 1 Mine Run..... 2 x 3' Nut.... 3' x 6' Egg..... 2' Lump...... 2' Screenings ... 1%' Screenings Per Cent over 4' Screen 2 29.6 41.0 61.6 .... .... Per Cent Per Cent through 4' through 2' Screen Screen 3 4 70.4 48.1 36.1 59.0 10.7 38.4 12.0 Per Cent through 1' Screen 5 31.3 5.8 5.4 4.5 66.8 95.5 Per Cent through Y2' Screen 6 19.9 3.0 3.4 2.6 41.1 57.6 Per Cent through ~' Screen 7 12.5 1.9 2.3 1.7 26.9 37.6 If in Fig. 9, we follow curve No. 5 pertaining to the mine run, we find that about 90 per cent of it will pass through a screen with 9-inch round holes; about 87 per cent of it will pass through a 7-inch screen; about 70 per cent through a 4-inch screen; 48 per cent through a 2-inch screen, and so on. It is interesting to note that the 2-inch by 3-inch nut, the 3-inch by 6-inch egg, and the 2-inch lump contain nearly the same proportions of coal which passes through holes 1-inch or less in diameter; whereas in these sizes the proportions of coarser coal differ materially. Other comparisons are rendered feasible by having all six sizes thus represented on one diagram. It should be borne in mind that the curves in Fig. 9 define the make-up of coals in the condition in which they were unloaded from the cars at the laboratory. 7. The Make-up of the Coals as Fired.-All grades except the mine run and lump were unloaded into the charging wagons from the bins without further preparation, and they were consequently fired in exactly the condition in which they arrived at the laboratory, ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION except for the breakage incident to unloading and the insignificant breakage due to shoveling into the charging wagons. Since, however, the mine run and the lump coals contained as usual a considerable proportion of lumps too large for proper firing, the attempt was made to break these two sizes down to the extent to which, in the judgment of those in charge of the tests, these grades FIG. 9. THE MAKE-UP OF THE COALS IN THE CONDITION IN WHICH THEY WERE RECEIVED are generally broken down at the coal chute. These two coals as fired contain, therefore, a smaller proportion of large lumps than when they were received and the extent to which this extra preparation modified the make-up of the coals is defined in the table, the figures, and the discussion which follow. After the mechanical analysis samples taken to represent the mine run and lump coals as received at the laboratory had been screened and separated as described in the preceding section, the large lumps in each sample were broken down to the same extent as these sizes were broken before firing, and under the supervision of the same test operators who controlled this process during the progress of the tests. TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE These reduced samples for mine run and lump coal were accepted as representing these two grades in the condition in which they were fired, and they were subjected to the same screening process as has been previously described. The results of this mechanical analysis are pre- sented for these two coals "as fired" in Table 4, and the size per- centages of these grades in the condition in which they were received are also embodied for comparison's sake in the same table. FIG. 10. THE MAKE-UP OF THE MINE RUN AND THE LUMP COALS, AS RECEIVED AND AS FIRED The values in Table 4 are plotted in Fig. 10, in which curve No. 5 applies to mine run coal as received and No. 7 to the same grade as fired; while curves 6 and 8 apply to the 2-inch lump coal in the con- ditions as received and as fired, respectively. The extent to which these two sizes were broken down is revealed by an inspection of Table 4 and Fig. 10. Considering the curves in the figure, it is ap- parent that the largest lumps in the mine run were somewhat further broken down than those in the 2-inch Lump. After reduction all mine run passed through a 5-inch screen, whereas only about 74 per cent of the lump would pass a screen of this size. ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 4 THE MAKE-UP OF THE MINE RUN AND THE LUMP COAL, BOTH AS RECEIVED AND AS FIRED SIZE OF COAL 1 Mine Run: As Received.. As Fired ..... 2' Lump: As Received.. As Fired...... Per Cent over 4' Screen 2 29.6 13.1 61.6 42.7 Per Cent Per Cent through 4' through 2' Screen Screen 3 4 70.4 48.11 86.9 54.31 38.4 12.0 57.3 21.0 Per Cent through 1' Screen 5 31.3 34.3 4.5 9.0 Per Cent through Y2' Screen 6 19.9 22.0 2.6 5.3 Per Cent through ~' Screen 7 12.5 13.8 1.7 2.0 1 Derived from plotted curves (Fig. 10). In order to permit comparisons of the mechanical make-up of all six sizes as fired, curves Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 from Fig. 9 (applying to the grades which were fired as received) and curves 7 and 8 from Fig. 10 are brought together in Fig. 11, which consequently shows the make-up of all the grades in the condition in which they were fired during the tests. FRANKLIN AND WLLIAMSON CO. iiL.L. SIZE SCREENS ,1 2 3 1 100oI 1 3 7 4 8 O i 0L 9 so o t 1- m 0 "i /,0 20 bI50 U SIZE OF SCREENS-INCHES FIG. 11. THE MAKE-UP OF THE COALS, IN THE CONDITION IN WHICH THEY WERE FIRED -- TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE IV. THE LOCOMOTIVE 8. Design and Main Dimensions.-The locomotive used during the tests was loaned for the purpose by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. It was of the Mikado type (2-8-2); its road number was 4846, and its classification, Q-7-F. It was built by the Baldwin Loco- motive Works during the summer of 1916, entered service in Septem- ber, and upon its arrival at the laboratory, had run approximately 3400 miles. It arrived at the laboratory in excellent condition. The principal dimensions of the locomotive are as follows: Total weight, in working orders, lb. . . . . . . 284,500 Weight on drivers, lb... . . . . . . . . . 222,000 Cylinders (simple), diameter and stroke, in. . . . . . 26 x 32 Diameter of drivers, in . . . . . . .... . .64 Firebox, length and width, in. . . . ....... .120 x 84 Firebox volume, cu. ft. .. ..... . . . . . 348.6 Grate area, sq. ft . . . . . . . . . .... . 69.8 Heating surface, 2%-inch tubes (fire side), sq. ft . . 2410 Heating surface, 5%-inch tubes (fire side), sq. ft .. . . 973 Heating surface, firebox and tube sheets (fire side) sq. ft. 247 Heating surface, total (fire side) sq. ft . . . . . . 3630 Heating surface, superheater (fire side) sq. ft. .. .. . 1030 Boiler pressure, lb. per sq. in. . . . . . . . .. . 190 Tractive effort, lb. .. ..... . . . . . . 54587 The boiler was of the wagon-top type with radial stays. It was equipped with a Schmidt top-header superheater consisting of 34 elements, a Street stoker, and a Security brick arch carried on four tubes. The front end was self-cleaning and was equipped with a plain 6-inch nozzle-tip without bridge or split, which was used throughout all tests. The grates were of the box type, the design of which is shown in detail in Appendix I. The total air opening through the grates amounted to 17 square feet or 24.4 per cent of the grate area. The area of the air inlet to the ash pan amounted to 8.3 square feet or 49 per cent of the air opening through the grates. The locomotive was regularly equipped with a hand-operated door which was replaced, however, during the period of the tests by a Franklin pneumatic door of the butterfly type. This was used during all tests except those with the two sizes of screenings, which were fired by means of the Street stoker. The design of the locomotive is described in further detail in Appendix I. ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 9. Inspection.-In order to ensure uniformity of its condition as regards accumulations of scale, soot, etc., and to define these condi- tions, the locomotive, during its stay in the laboratory, was handled and inspected as follows: The boiler water was changed every five or six days and the boiler was washed about every two weeks. More frequent washings were unnecessary because the laboratory water is relatively free from scale- forming salts and suspended matter. Monthly inspections in accor- dance with Interstate Commerce Commission regulations were made during the test period as during regular service. During the progress of the earlier tests, in order to ensure uni- formity in the condition of the heating surfaces, all tubes, flues, and superheater elements were blown free from soot and small "honey- comb" immediately before each alternate test. Although there was nothing in the test results to indicate that this was not being done often enough, to remove all uncertainty this blowing down process was gone through before each test during the latter part of the series. The front end netting was cleaned of all cinders, and the cinders were removed from the top of the arch at the same time. The arch was inspected after each test, and all defective bricks were imme- diately replaced. Upon its arrival at the laboratory, the interior of the boiler was inspected and was found to be free from all scale except a very thin coating. The laboratory water itself is not only nearly free from scale-forming materials but it tends frequently to soften hard scale deposited by other water; and a final interior inspection revealed the fact that this softening had occurred in this instance, and that the original scale had been considerably disintegrated. There was nothing, however, in the change in the scale to indicate that the heat transfer through the surfaces had, in any significant degree, varied on account of scale during the progress of the tests. The facts that the boiler had run only 3400 miles before arriving at the laboratory and that its mileage during the tests was only 3600, are perhaps in themselves suffi- cient evidence that there could have been no accumulation of scale nor change in its thickness sufficient materially to affect the test results. V. THE LABORATORY The locomotive laboratory is fully described in Bulletin 82 of the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois; descrip- tions have been published also in the Proceedings of the American I . 1 L:: TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE Railway Master Mechanics' Association, Vol. 46, 1913, and in the Proceedings of the Western Railway Club for March, 1913. It is unneccessary, therefore, to include here any detailed statement con- cerning its design. Since, however, the amount of the cinder losses in this series of tests serves in large measure to account for the differences in performance of the various grades of coal, these losses have an especial significance; and it seems appropriate therefore to describe briefly the cinder separator by means of which they were determined. All gases and exhaust steam are discharged across an open space above the locomotive stack into the mouth of a large steel elbow which carries them up and over to a horizontal duct running through the roof trusses to the rear of the building, terminating at an exhaust fan. This elbow and duct are illustrated in Fig. 13. The gases and steam are drawn through the duct by the fan and they are then passed through a breeching to the cinder separator itself which is located outside the building and forms the base of a stack through which the gases are finally discharged to the air. The separator and stack are shown in section in Fig. 14. The cinder-laden gases enter the separator at B and, in order to leave, they must pass downward and around the sleeve A. This passage gives them a whirling motion, which causes the cinders by centrifugal force to move toward the outside wall along which they fall to the hopper below, while the gases pass out through the sleeve to the stack. The cinders collecting at the bottom of the hopper are drawn off, weighed, and analysed. This separator collects all solid matter which issues from the locomotive stack, except possibly the finest dust. The cinders taken from the separator during tests with mine-run coal have contained from 10 to 18 per cent of material which passed a screen with 200 meshes to the inch. VI. FIRING METHODS It is desired to present at this point only such information concern- ing the methods used in the laboratory as relates to the measurements of coal and to the firing. Information about methods relating to other test processes is given in Appendix II. 10. Coal Measurements.-Before starting the test, the engine was run at the desired load and speed long enough beforehand to permit the rate of feed through the injectors to be adjusted to the test conditions, and it was generally unnecessary to change this rate FIG. 14. CROSS SECTION OF THE CINDER COLLECTOR AND STACK. TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE during the progress of the test. The tests were not started until the desired conditions of load, speed, boiler pressure, and a proper con- dition of the fire had been established. The coal was weighed in one- thousand pound lots before being delivered to the firing platform. Throughout each medium rate test, the time of firing the last scoopful of each ton was recorded, together with the levels of the water in the main feed tank and in the boiler gauge glass. During the high rate tests, these facts were recorded at the time of firing the last scoopful of each two tons of coal.. This procedure made it possible to control the regularity of the firing process and it also makes avail- able facts which may be used to illustrate the regularity of feed of both the coal and the water. For this purpose tests 2405 and 2416, fairly characteristic of the series, have been chosen. During test 2416, run at a medium rate of evaporation, the time required to fire each of the ten successive lots of 2000 pounds, varied only from 34 to 36 minutes; and the amount of water fed per minute during these ten intervals varied only from 390 to 413 pounds. During test 2405, which was run at a high rate of evaporation, the times required to burn each of the five successive lots of 4000 pounds of coal were respectively 36, 33, 31, 32 and 31 minutes; and the water fed per minute during these intervals varied only from 693 pounds to 709 pounds. 11. Firing Methods.-The locomotive was fired throughout all tests by Mr. C. Welker, a skilled fireman, who was detailed by the Illinois Central Railroad from its regular force. Previous to the tests he had had about seven and one-half years' experience firing in service, and he had also had about a half year's experience as fireman in the laboratory. The supervision of the fireman, the control of the injectors, and other cab operations were, during all except the last three tests, in charge of Mr. L. R. Pyle, Fuel Supervisor of the Min- neapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad, and member of the Fuel Test Committee. During the last three tests Mr. Pyle's place was taken by Mr. B. F. Crolley, Supervisor of Locomotive Operation of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. During the tests of -the two sizes of screenings, which were fired by the stoker, the firing was super- vised by Mr. E. Prouty, Mechanical Expert of the Locomotive Stoker Company. All hand-fired tests were fired by the ''three-scoop system," that is, three scoopfuls of coal were fired at a time, both during the medium and the high rate tests, although during the latter it was necessary ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION to cut down the interval between firings. The fireman was instructed to keep these intervals as regular as possible and in this he was aided from time to time by stop watch observations. The degree of regu- larity attained is evidenced by the figures concerning the rate of coal consumption which have already been cited, and by the graphical logs shown in Appendix III. During the stoker-fired tests, the same regu- larity of feed was sought and attained. No coal was fed by hand during any of these tests, and an inspection of the fire at the end of the test showed in each case a uniform layer with no holes and no banks. The thickness of the fire was kept as nearly uniform as was prac- ticable, and the grates were shaken as little as possible. The Lump coal proved the most difficult to fire, especially at the high rate of com- bustion; and in one high rate test with this grade the grates had to be shaken six times. This was unusual, however, and during the entire series the grates were shaken, on the average, only twice during each run. The approximate thicknesses of the fire carried are shown in Table 5. TABLE 5 APPROXIMATE THICKNESSES OF FIRE CARRIED Approximate Fire Thickness-Inches SIZE OF COAL Rate At the Beginning Maximum At the End Mine Run............. Medium 6 9 6 High 6 12 12 2' x 3' Nut............ Medium 5 8 8 High 7 12 12 3' x 6" Egg ............ Medium 7 11 10 High 9 12 10 2' Lump............... Medium 7 12 12 High 9 13 12 2' Screenings .......... Medium 4 9 7 High 6 12 10 1%' Screenings......... Medium 4 8 7 High 5 10 9 VII. TEST CONDITIONS Owing to the fact that only two sets of conditions as to speed and cut-off were employed throughout the tests, other conditions such as drafts, temperatures, and pressures were also in general quite uni- form for all tests at a given rate. The degree of uniformity shown is in a large measure indicative of desirable test conditions and is TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE therefore in some degree significant of the reliance which may be placed upon the determination of those variables, such as evaporative performance, which constituted the main purpose of the tests. Fig. 15 and the discussion of the present section are intended to present the more important test conditions and the variation of these conditions as between different tests and different groups of tests, and as between the medium and high rate tests. Figs. 29 and 30 in Appendix III present graphical logs for tests 2416 and 2405, one a medium and the other a high rate test, during each of which approx- imately ten tons of coal were burned. These graphical logs are repre- sentative of the degree of uniformity in test conditions which existed throughout individual tests. Fig. 15 presents in graphical form averages of test conditions for all grades of coal for both medium and high rate tests. The graphs have been so arranged as to show the variation in conditions for dif- ferent grades of coal at a given rate, and also to show difference in conditions between medium and high rate tests. 12. Drafts.-The two upper graphs of Fig. 15 present averages for front-end and firebox draft. The extremes of front-end draft for the medium rate tests were 2.8 and 3.8 inches of water; the average for all medium rate tests was 3.4 inches of water. The extremes of front-end draft for the high rate tests were 8.4 and 10.1 inches of water and the average for all high rate tests was 9.3 inches of water. The averages for the different grades of coal vary but little from the common average for all of the tests at the corresponding rate. The mean firebox draft for all medium rate tests was 1.6 inches of water and for all high rate tests, 4.2 inches. The averages for the individual tests and for the various grades of coal do not vary greatly from these mean values. The high rate mine run tests show the greatest vari- ation in front-end draft. The high rate Screening tests show a some- what lower average firebox draft than is shown for the other grades, due probably to the fact that although the rate of combustion was rela- tively high, the fires were comparatively thin and open. The data relative to drafts show uniformity of conditions between the tests of a group as well as between the different groups at a given rate of performance. In general the drafts were comparatively low in relation to rate of combustion, indicating satisfactory arrangement of the draft appliances. ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 13. Temperatures.-Front-end temperatures are shown to have been uniform for the medium and for the high rate tests, both by the graphs of Fig. 15 and by the tabulated values. The average fire- box temperatures also are shown to have been fairly uniform for the high rate tests and slightly less so for the medium rate tests. The minimum, maximum, and average values of firebox temperature for all medium rate tests were respectively 1735, 2090, and 1893 degrees F.; and the corresponding values for the high rate tests were 2078, 2334, and 2228 degrees F. 14. Superheat and Branch-pipe Pressure.-The variations in, and the values for, averages of degrees of superheat and pressure in branch-pipe are shown graphically in Fig. 15. The minimum, maxi- mum, and average values of degrees of superheat for all medium rate tests were respectively 187, 211, and 198 degrees; and the correspond- ing values for the high rate tests were 207, 265, and 243 degrees. Con- siderable lack of uniformity is shown by the results, particularly in view of the general uniformity which existed in other test conditions. The branch-pipe pressure for all medium rate tests averaged 179 pounds per square inch, which was 10 pounds lower than the average boiler pressure for the same tests. For the high rate tests the branch- pipe pressure averaged 166 pounds per square inch-22 pounds lower than the corresponding average boiler pressure. 15. Rate of Combustion and Rate of Evaporation.-The two lower graphs of Fig. 15 show the average rate of combustion and the average rate of evaporation for the different sizes of coal. Rate of combustion is shown in pounds of coal fired per square foot of grate per hour; and rate of evaporation, in pounds of equivalent evaporation per square foot of heating surface per hour. For the medium rate tests the minimum, maximum, and average values for rate of combustion were, respectively, 45.1, 61.9, and 51.7 pounds of coal per square foot of grate per hour; while for the high rate tests the corresponding values were 99.1, 133.7, and 109.6 pounds. Since the rate of evapora- tion per square foot of heating surface per hour was maintained approximately constant for all tests at a given rate and since the heat- ing value of all sizes of, the coal was about the same, it follows that the various rates of combustion should indicate closely the relative efficiencies with which the coal was burned; and they may be used as rough measures of the relative values of the different grades. TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE I0 FRONT END DRAFT .00 MEDIUM RATEU HIGH RATE Roo FRONT END TEMPERATURE FRONT END TEMPERATURE to DEGREES OF SUPERHEAT o 1 < o RATE OF COMBUSTION RATE OF EVAPORATION z w I z z IL _ 4ijj UJ id IJ L E I ;Q % I SN m N Nu 4 0N *„ 2 0 " N 40 00 FIG. 15. VARIOUS TEST CONDITIONS, FOR BOTH THE MEDIUM AND HIGH RATE TESTS | 1 I I lo o S---------_ -- , ---- u FIREBOX DRAFT I 001 I -I -I -I -I- FIREBOX TEMPERATURE zo 200 o PRESSURE IN BRANCH PIPE GUAGE I i B o ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION VIII. THE RESULTS OF THE TESTS All the data and the results of the tests are set forth in detail in the tables of Appendix III; but for convenience of reference certain data defining the test conditions and some of the results relating to evapo- rative performance, cinder loss, and heat distribution have been assem- bled here and are presented in Table 6. In this table the data are divided into twelve groups; two groups for each size of coal tested. For each size the first group pertains to the medium rate tests; the second, to the high rate tests. Averages for each group appear imme- diately below the data for the individual tests. In Table 6 the column headings and the code item numbers are identical with those in the tables of Appendix III. 16. Actual Evaporation per Pound of Coal.-The number of pounds of superheated steam produced for each pound of coal in the condition in which it was fired appears in Column 33 of Table 6; and the number of pounds of steam produced by each pound of dry coal is given in Column 34. The averages of these values for each size of coal are brought together in Table 7, where they appear separately for the medium rate and the high rate tests. Inspection of Table 7 reveals the fact that the relative standing of the various sizes differs when based on coal as fired and when based upon dry coal; and that it differs also between the medium and the high rate tests. Comparisons between the sizes, however, should not be made on the basis of the values of evaporation shown in Table 7; because not only is the mois- ture content of the coal as fired variable; but during the tests there were slight variations in feed water temperature, in boiler pressure, and in the degree of superheat, which make it impracticable to com- pare values of actual evaporation in order to determine the relative standing of the coals. Further discussion of Table 7 is omitted for these reasons; the table is presented principally to exhibit the dif- ferences between evaporation based on coal as fired and evaporation based on dry coal. 17. Equivalent Evaporation per Pound of Dry Coal.-Because of the incidental variations just cited it became necessary to find another basis of comparison. Since the different sizes as they are loaded at the mine contain inherently different amounts of moisture, there would be some justice in trying to base comparisons on coal as loaded at the mine. The significance of this basis is, however, impaired by the fact that the various sizes are seldom or never fired in the same condition TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE TABLE 6 TEST CONDITIONS AND PRINCIPAL RESULTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Dur- Speed Ct- Pressure Temperatures ation i off, Draw- lb. per sq. in. Degrees F. SIZE Rate Test of Miles Per bar Number Test per Cent Pull, Boiler Branch Front-Branch Fire- in Hour of lb. Gauge Pipe end Pipe Box Hours Stroke Gauge Codey 345 353 499 487 380 383 367 370 374 Item 3'5 2400 3.62 18.9 .... 21970 190.4 179 535 573 1735 Medium 2401 6.28 18.9 34.0 21727 190.0 172 535 566 1835 2402 5.20 19.0 33.0 21822 190.2 174 539 564 1812 Average 5.03 18.9 33.5 21840 190.2 175 536 568 1794 Mine Run 2405 2.72 25.5 54.3 28771 187.8 168 627 628 2271 High 2406 2.68 25.6 53.7 28718 187.8 167 631 631 2334 2429 1.92 25.7 55.9 28672 189.4 164 624 618 2140 Average 2.44 25.6 54.6 28720 188.3 166 627 626 2248 2408 3.77 19.0 33.0 22490 189.0 178 595 589 2090 Medium 2409 2.33 18.9 32.4 22411 188.5 177 588 582 2034 2410 4.33 19.0 31.5 22417 186.2 181 570 569 2008 2426 4.50 18.9 31.7 22640 189.9 182 555 572 1967 Average 3.73 19.0 32.2 22490 188.4 180 577 578 1025 2'x3' Nut 2412 2.67 25.8 .... 28958 187.1 168 607 629 2293 High 2413 3.00 25.7 55.7 29100 187.1 168 611 632 2267 2414 2.00 25.7 59.3 29128 187.5 168 631 634 2174 Average 2.56 25.7 57.5 29062 187.2 168 616 632 2245 2415 3.50 18.9 32.4 22840 189.9 180 543 576 1808 Medium 2416 5.83 18.9 33.3 23115 189.5 180 540 574 1801 2423 4.00 18.8 32.2 22533 190.0 182 539 571 Average 4.44 18.9 32.6 22829 189.8 181 541 574 1805 3'x6' Egg 2420 2.00 25.7 57.2 29046 190.1 171 588 610 2210 High 2422 2.17 25.9 58.2 29030 189.7 170 634 590 2278 2424 1.98 25.8 56.6 29104 190.1 170 626 617 2183 Average 2.05 25.8 57.3 29060 190.0 170 616 606 2224 2417 4.00 18.9 36.3 23026 189.9 180 546 578 1838 Medium 2418 5.83 19.0 33.5 23085 190.1 180 545 578 1857 2419 3.67 19.0 32.7 22983 190.0 180 553 578 1849 Average 4.50 19.0 34.2 23031 190.0 180 548 578 1848 2' Lump 2425 1.00 25.7 56.0 28530 190.0 168 618 595 2178 High 2427 1.50 25.8 55.7 27909 183.4 162 625 578 2308 2428 1.83 25.9 55.1 28441 186.8 166 635 603 2277 2442 2.00 25.5 56.5 29266 188.9 166 637 616 2192 Average 1.58 25.7 55.8 28537 187.3 166 629 598 2239 2430 2.62 19.0 32.6 22906 188.6 181 549 583 2010 Medium 2434 3.13 18.7 33.6 23091 190.0 181 541 584 1817 2435 0.97 19.0 34.9 23268 191.1 182 549 578 1936 2' Screen- Average 2.24 18.9 33.7 23088 189.9 181 546 582 1921 ings 2436 1.35 25.5 56.8 27976 185.3 161 631 634 2078 High 2437 1.50 25.7 56.9 28938 189.1 162 634 637 2194 Average 1.43 25.6 56.9 28457 187.2 162 633 636 2136 2431 1.77 19.0 33.9 22332 184.5 178 551 589 2003 Medium 2432 1.87 19.0 34.0 22912 189.1 181 544 591 1798 2433 3.10 18.9 33.2 22588 187.7 180 543 572 1874 1~' Screen- Average 2.25 19.0 33.7 22611 187.1 180 646 584 1892 ings 2440 1.50 25.5 58.2 29061 186.6 163 634 604 2273 High 2441 1.50 25.6 55.6 29392 191.0 166 639 629 2234 Average 1.50 25.6 56.9 29227 188.8 165 637 617 2264 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 6 (Continued) TEST CONDITIONS AND PRINCIPAL RESULTS 13 14 15 Draft, in. of Water ~ Test Number Code - Itempf 2400 2401 2402 Average 2405 2406 2429 Average 2408 2409 2410 2426 Average 2412 2413 2414 Average 2415 2416 2423 Average 2420 2422 2424 Average 2417 S2418 2419 Average 2425 2427 2428 2442 Average 2430 2434 2435 Averagi : '436 -2437- Average 2431 2432 2433 Average 2440 2441 Average Front- end Front of Dia- phragm 394 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.9 8.4 8.6 10.1 9.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.6 3.1 9.2 9.2 9.3 9.2 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.5 9.5 9.2 9.3 9.3 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 9.3 9.3 9.4 10.0 9.5 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.7 9.4 9.2 9.3 3.5 .3.6 3.6 3.6 9.5 9.4 9.5 16 17 18 19 Corn1 a Fired lbh Fire- box 396 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.4 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.8 1.5 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.5 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.6 4.3 4.0 4.1 4.1 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.4 -1.9 2.1 2.0 3.7 3.8 3.8 1.9 1.1 1.3 1.4 4.0 3.7 3.9 Ash- pan 397 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 De- grees of Sup- er- heat 409 194 190 187 190 254 257 246 252 210 204 189 192 199 255 258 260 258 197 195 191 194 235 215 242 231 199 199 199 199 221 207 230 243 225 203 204 198 202 263 265 264 210 211 193 205 232 256 244 Total 418 11399 20000 17000 16133 20000 18630 14000 17543 12955 7808 14731 16310 12951 18683 20811 13884 17793 11888 19915 13520 15108 13882 14996 14000 14293 13753 20537 13344 15878 7499 11775 14122 15279 12169 10000 11950 3822 8591 11556 13254 12405 7635 7813 13218 9555 14000 13750 13875 20 21 Dry Coal, lb. 2 Mine Run 2'x 3' Nut 3'x 6'Egg 2' Lump 2' Screen- ings I1' Screen. ings 3 Per Hour 3151 3183 3269 3201 7361 6944 7303 7203 3439 3347 3400 3624 3453 7005 6937 6942 6961 3397 3414 3380 3397 6941 6920 7060 6974 3438 3521 3639 3533 7499 7850 7704 7640 7673 3821 3814 3952 3862 8560 8836 8698 4321 4185 4264 4257 9333 9167 9250 Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High- Medium High Per Hour per Sq. Ft. of Grate lurface 45.1 45.6 46.8 45.8 105.5 99.5 104.6 103.2 49.3 48.0 48.7 51.9 49.5 100.4 99.4 99.5 99.8 48.7 48.9 48.4 48.7 99.4 99.1 101.2 99.9 49.3 50.5 52.1 50.6 107.4 112.5 110.4 109.5 110.0 54.7 54.6 56.6 55.3 122.6 126.6 124.6 61.9 60.0 61.1 .61.0 133.7 131.3 132.5 626 2895 2934 3005 2945 6753 6377 6690 6607 3146 3054 3102 3348 3163 6382 6313 6324 6340 3107 3101 3079 3096 6333 6315 6438 6362 3118 3173 3289 3193 6850 7133 6992 6951 6982 3460 3455 3597 3504 7771 8027 7899 3960 3818 3899 3892 8487 8183 8335 Per Hour per Sq. Ft. of Grate Surface 627 41.5 42.0 43.1 42.2 96.8 91.4 95.9 94.7 45.1 43.8 44.4 48.0 45.3 91.4 90.4 90.6 90.8 44.5 44.4 44.1 44.3 90.7 90.5 92.2 91.1 44.7 45.5 47.1 45.8 98.1 102.2 100.2 99.6 100.0 49.6 49.5 51.5 50.2 111.3 115.0 113.2 56.7 54.7 55.9 55.8 121.6 117.2 119.4 -~-- Coal a Frdl TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE TABLE 6 (Continued) TEST CONDITIONS AND PRINCIPAL RESULTS 1 SIZE Rate Medium Mine Run High Medium 2'x 3" Nut High Medium 3"x 6' Egg High Medium 2" Lump High Medium 2" Screen- ings High Medium 1 " Screen- ings High 3 22 23 B.t.u. per lb. of Test Number Dry- Stack Coal Cin- Sders Coem 458 462 2400 12983 8399 2401 13012 8563 2402 12929 8570 Average 12975 8511 2405 12811 11081 2406 12933 11030 2429 12888 10921 Average 12877 11011 2408 13118 8023 2409 13102 7585 2410 13023 8231 2426 12983 8458 Average 13057 8074 2412 13081 10728 2413 13176 10822 2414 13090 10634 Average 13116 10728 2415 13273 7987 2416 13122 7999 2423 13282 8329 Average 13226 8105 2420 13198 10771 2422 13345 11234 2424 13214 10584 Average 13252 10863 2417 13043 7713 2418 13086 7574 2419 12836 7106 Average 12988 7464 2425 13205 10917 2427 12958 10849 2428 13061 10829 2442 12974 10415 Average 13050 10753 2430 12748 9407 2434 12782 9569 2435 12710 9113 Average 12747 9363 2436 12769 10611 2437 12625 11018 Average 12697 10815 2431 12929 10505 2432 12650 10157 2433 12793 10784 Average 12791 10482 2440 12692 10870 2441 12492 11203 Average 12592 11037 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 Cinder Loss S Per Indi- Draw- Per Per Cent cated bar Per Ct Cent of Horse- Horse- Hour, Coal of B.t.u. Power Power lb. a Dry in Fired Coal Coal Fired ........... 427 888 711 743 99 3.2 3.4 2.2 ...... 1108. 94 3.0 3.2 2.1 1224.5 1095.: 102 3.1 3.4 2.2 1223.6 1104. 98 3.1 3.3 2.2 1224.1 1102.1 709 9.6 10.5 9.1 2157.7 1954.. 588 8.5 9.2 7.9 2151.5 1963. 651 8.9 9.7 8.2 2191.0 1965. 649 9.0 9.8 8.4 2166.7 1961. 63 1.8 2.0 1.2 1293.6 1138.. 72 2.2 2.4 1.4 1286.5 1129.' 72 2.1 2.3 1.5 1280.9 1133., 107 3.0 3.2 2.1 1313.7 1139.i 79 2.3 ;.5 1.6 1293.7 1135.. 413 5.9 6.5 5.3 ....... 1988.' 397 5.7 6.3 5.2 2200.3 1993.1 390 5.6 6.2 5.0 2221.8 1994.1 400 5.7 6.3 5.2 2211.1 1992.! 78 2.3 2.5 1.5 1313.7 1150. 76 2.2 2.5 1.5 1324.3 1167.1 70 2.1 2.3 1.4 1291.1 1131.1 75 2.2 2.4 1.5 1309.7 1149.1 500 7.2 7.9 6.5 2188.7 1991.1 468 6.8 7.4 6.2 2214.3 2001.4 538 7.6 8.4 6.7 2220.0 2003.4 502 7.2 7.9 6.5 2207.7 1998.1 71 2.1 2.3 1.4 1323.2 1160.'7 68 1.9 2.1 1.2 1329.6 1168.( 85 2.3 2.6 1.4 1321.0 1162., 75 2.1 2.3 1.3 1324.6 1163.1 545 7.3 8.0 6.6 2201.4 1957.E 602 7.7 8.4 7.1 2169.7 1919.( 523 6.8 7.5 6.2 2200.5 1963. 595 7.8 8.6 6.9 2198.5 1989.( 566 7.4 8.4 6.7 2192.5 1957.1 315 8.3 9.1 6.7 1304.9 1160.1 338 8.9 9.8 7.3 1314.5 1152.1 372 9.4 10.4 7.4 1365.2 1179.1 342 8.9 9.8 7.1 1328.2 1164.( 1127 13.2 14.5 12.1 2126.3 1905.( 1316 14.9 16.4 14.3 2243.5 1980.4 1222 14.1 15.5 13.2 2184.9 1943.( 579 13.4 14.6 11.9 1329.9 1133.4 551 13.2 14.4 11.6 1343.1 1161.( 461 10.8 11.8 10.0 1310.2 1141.( 530 12.5 13.6 11.2 1327.7 1145., 1513 16.2 17.8 15.3 2215.6 1977.ý 1457 15.9 17.8 16.0 2231.6 2006.7 1485 16.1 17.8 15.7 2223.6 1992.C Super- heated Steam per I.H.P. Hour, lb. 740 18.18 18.74 18.46 19.63 19.40 19.65 19.56 17.93 17.98 17.93 18.72 18.14 19.34 19.00 19.17 18.01 17.86 18.41 18.09 19.83 19.40 19.63 19.62 17.92 17.73 18.31 17.99 19.61 19.68 19.95 20.24 19.87 18.02 18.00 18.25 18.09 19.86 19.33 19.60 18.32 18.22 18.71 18.42 19.29 19.48 19.39 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 6 (Concluded) TEST CONDITIONS AND PRINCIPAL RESULTS 3 Test Number Code v tem 2400 2401 2402 Average 2405 2406 2429 Averagi 2408 2409 2410 2426 Averag 2412 2413 2414 Averag 2415 2416 2423 Averag 2420 2422 2424 Averag 2417 2418 2419 Averag 2425 2427 2428 2442 Averag 2430 2434 2435 Averag 2436 2437 Averag 2431 2432 2433 Averag 2440 2441 Averag 31 32 33 i 34 35 36 37 38 39 Superheated Steam, lb. 22566 22328 22970 22621 42176 41946 42854 42325 23327 23254 23059 24808 23612 42964 42720 42209 42631 23944 23788 23970 23901 43219 42881 43302 43134 23906 23778 24340 24008 42889 42254 44136 44910 43547 24122 24014 25147 24427 42287 43981 43134 24907 24714 24933 24851 43186 43941 43564 Per Iq.Ft Per of Poundn Heat- ing Sur- face per Hour of Coal as Fired 7.79 7.61 7.64 7.68 6.24 6.58 6.41 6.41 7.42 7.61 7.43 7.41 7.47 6.73 6.77 6.67 6.72 7.71 7.67 7.78 7.72 6.82 6.79 6.73 6.78 7.67 7.49 7.40 7.52 6.26 5.92 6.31 6.46 6.24 Equivalent Evap- oration, lb. 645 29764 29451 30183 29799 57022 56795 57767 57195 31048 30881 30461 32796 31297 58130 57929 57236 57765 31678 31448 31665 31597 58043 57160 58328 57844 31652 31458 32227 31779 57214 56071 58403 60539 58057 32010 31914 33270 32398 57468 59814 58641 33102 32870 32961 32978 57956 59540 58748 Per Sq. Ft. Heat- ing Sur- face per Hour 648 6.39 6.32 6.48 6.40 12.24 12.19 12.40 12.28 6.66 6.63 6.54 7.04 6.72 12.47 12.43 12.28 12.39 6.80 6.75 6.79 6.78 12.46 12.27 12.52 12.42 6.79 6.75 6.92 6.82 12.28 12.03 12.53 12.99 12.46 6.87 6.85 7.14 6.95 12.33 12.84 12.59 7.10 7.05 7.07 7.07 12.44 12.78 12.61 Per Pound of Dry Coal 658 10.28 10.04 10.04 10.12 8.44 8.91 8.64 8.66 9.87 10.11 9.82 9.80 9.90 9.11 9.18 9.05 9.11 10.20 10.14 10.28 10.21 9.16 9.05 9.06 9.09 10.15 9.91 9.80 9.95 8.35 7.86 8.35 8.71 8.32 9.25 9.24 9.25 9.25 7.40 7.45 7.43 8.36 8.61 8.45 8.47 6.83 7.28 7.06 SrIZ Mine Run 2'x 3' Nut 3'x 6' Egg 2' Lump 2' Screen- ings 11' Screer ings Rate Medium High Medium High Medium High" Medium High Medium High Medium High Boiler Effi- eiency Per Cent 666 76.89 74.95 75.46 75.77 64.08 66.93 65.10 65.37 73.11 75.02 73.05 73.33 73.63 67.67 67.67 67.15 67.50 74.66 75.09 75.25 75.00 67.46 65.92 66.61 66.66 75.68 73.57 74.21 74.49 61.47 58.92 62.14 65.19 61.93 70.55 70.24 70.75 70.51 56.25 57.35 56.80 62.81 66.08 64.21 64.37 52.28 56.64 64.46 TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE (as regards moisture) in which they were loaded, nor were they in the same condition in this instance; and furthermore the necessary mine samples were available for only three of the six sizes tested. Final comparisons were consequently drawn only on the usual basis of dry coal. The use of the customary "equivalent evaporation from and at 212 degrees" eliminates the effect of the remaining variations in test conditions; and the final comparison of the grades was there- fore made by the use of the values of this equivalent evaporation per pound of dry coal. TABLE 7 THE ACTUAL EVAPORATION PER POUND OF COAL AS FIRED AND ALSO PER POUND OF DRY COAL Actual Evaporation per lb. of Coal Actual Evaporation per lb. of Dry as Fired-lb. Coal-lb. At the Medium te of oration 2 n0 At the High Rate of Evaporation 3 5 88s 84 6.12 04 6.18 80 5.68 32 4.96 84 4.72 At the Medium Rate of Evaporation 4 7.68 7.47 7.72 7.52 6.97 6.38 At the High Rate of Evaporation 5 6.41 6.72 6.78 6.24 5.47 5.23 These values of equivalent evaporation per pound of dry coal are given for each test in Column 37 of Table 6. Inspection of these figures discloses great uniformity among the values applying to each size and each rate. Only in the case of the high rate tests with the 2-inch lump coal is there any considerable variation between the equivalent evaporation values for the individual tests; and even in this group the maximum variation from the average is only 51/2 per cent. In view of this uniformity we are entirely warranted in using the average values for the various groups and in basing conclusions upon them. These averages of equivalent evaporation per pound of dry coal are therefore assembled in Table 8 together with the averages of the rate of evaporation per square foot of heating surface per hour taken from Column 36 of Table 6. Table 8 embodies consequently the final direct results of the tests. In Table 8 the coals are arranged in the order of the evaporation at the medium rate as given there in Column 2. The egg coal heads the list with an equivalent evaporation of 10.21 pounds per pound of dry SIZE OF COAL I 42 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 8 THE EQUIVALENT EVAPORATION PER POUND OF DRY COAL FOR BOTH THE MEDIUM AND THE HIGH RATE TESTS SIZE OF COAL 1 3'x6'Egg ......... Mine Run.......... 2'Lump ........... 2 x 3' Nut ........ 2' Screenings ........ 1Y' Screenings...... For the Medium Rate Tests For the High Rate Tests Equivalent Evaporation per lb. of Dry Coal lb. 2 10,21 10.12 9.95 9.90 9.25 8.47 Equivalent Evaporation per Hour per sq. ft. of Heating Surface lb. 3 6.78 6.40 6.82 6.72 6.95 7.07 Equivalent Evaporation per lb. of Dry Coal lb. 4 9.09 8.66 8.32 9.11 12. 09 7.43 12.59 7.06 12.61 coal followed by the other grades in the order in which they appear in the table. For the high rate tests the nut coal gave the best perfor- mance, namely an equivalent evaporation of 9.11 pounds per pound of dry coal, while the other sizes stand in the order in which they are cited in the table. These relations stand out more clearly in Fig 16 which has been prepared by plotting values of equivalent evaporation and rate of evaporation given in Table 8. In Fig. 16 the vertical dis- tances represent equivalent evaporation per pound of dry coal, where- as the horizontal distances represent the pounds of equivalent evapo- ration per hour on each square foot of heating surface. For the 3-inch by 6-inch egg coal these quantities are, for the medium rate tests 10.21 pounds and 6.78 pounds, respectively; and for the high rate tests 9.09 pounds and 12.42 pounds, respectively (see Table 8). These pairs of values are plotted in Fig. 16 where they appear as the two points which define the line marked 3-inch by 6-inch Egg. These points are connected by a straight line, which implies the assumption that the equivalent evaporation varies regularly and directly with the rate of evaporation. While there are, in this series, no tests at inter- mediate rates to support this assumption, it is amply warranted by the results of numerous other locomotive boiler tests. The other lines in Fig. 16 are similarly plotted from values given in Table 8, and they define the performance of the other five sizes. Inspection of Fig. 16 reveals, as usual, for all grades a sharp de- crease in evaporation as the rate of evaporation increases. The rate Equivalent Evaporation per Hour per sq. ft. of Heating Surface lb. 5 12.42 12.28 12.46 TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE of this decrease is nearly alike for all sizes except the 2-inch by 3-inch nut for which it is roughly one-half of that for the other sizes. This change in evaporation with rate of evaporation makes it necessary to reduce the values of evaporation to a common rate before drawing final comparisons between the various grades. To effect this reduction the rates of evaporation for all the medium rate tests shown in Col- umn 3 of Table 8 have been averaged and this average-6.79 pounds per square foot of heating surface per hour-has been represented EQUIV. EVAP. PER SQ. FT. HEATING SURFACE PER HR.-LB. FIG. 16. THE RELATION BETWEEN EQUIVALENT EVAPORATION PER POUND OF DRY COAL AND THE RATE OF EVAPORATION, FOR EACH SIZE OF COAL TESTED by the vertical line AA in Fig. 16. Similarly the average high rate- 12.46 pounds per square foot of heating surface per hour-is found from Column 5 of Table 8 and is defined by the line BB in this figure. If now in Fig. 16 we measure off the vertical distances on AA at the points where this line is intersected by the performance lines for the various sizes, we obtain six values of equivalent evaporation ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION per pound of dry coal, one for each size, and all pertaining to the common medium rate of evaporation defined by the line AA, namely, 6.79 pounds per square foot of heating surface per hour. These values are shown in Column 2 of Table 9 and since they pertain to the same rate of evaporation they are rigidly comparable. In like manner the evaporation values defined by the intersections with the line BB are given in Column 4 of Table 9, and pertain to the com- mon high rate-12.46 pounds per square foot of heating surface per hour. TABLE 9 THE RELATIVE STANDING OF THE VARIOUS SIZES, BASED ON CORRECTED VALUES OF THE EQUIVALENT EVAPORATION PER POUND OF DRY COAL (This table gives the values of equivalent evaporation per pound of dry coal, corrected for a common medium rate of evaporation of 6.79 pounds per square foot of heating surface per hour, and for a common high rate of evaporation of 12.46 pounds per square foot of heating surface per hour) For the Common Medium Rate of For the Common High Rate of Evaporation-6.79 lb. per sq. ft. of Evaporation-12.46 lb. per sq. ft. of Heating Surface per Hour Heating Surface per Hour GRADE OF COAL Equivalent Equivalent Evaporation Relative Values, Evaporation Relative Values, per lb. of Based on per lb. of Based on Dry Coal Mine Run Dry Coal Mine Run lb. lb. 1 2 3 4 5 3' x 6'Egg........... 10.21 1.02 9.08 1.05 Mine Run........... 10.02 1.00 8.62 1.00 2' Lump............. 9.96 0.99 8.32 0.97 2'x3" Nut.......... 9.89 0.98 9.10 1.06 2' Screenings......... 9.30 0.93 7.47 0.87 1%y Screenings....... 8.54 0.85 7.10 0.82 Table 9 presents therefore average values of equivalent evaporation per pound of dry coal for each of the sizes of coal-first for a common medium rate of evaporation in Column 2, and next for a common high rate of evaporation in Column 4. These are the final results of the tests, and they may be compared to determine the relative value of the various sizes. Such a comparison of the values in Column 2 shows that when the boiler was worked at the medium rate the 3-inch by 6-inch egg coal gave the highest evaporation, with the other sizes following in the order in which they appear in the table; whereas at the high rate the 2-inch by 3-inch nut coal gave the highest evapo- ration followed by the egg, mine run, lump, 2-inch screenings, and 11/4-inch screenings in the order named. Further comparison is more TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE conveniently made upon a percentage basis, for which purpose the performance of the mine run is taken as unity or 100 per cent, and the other sizes are represented in Columns 3 and 5 of Table 9 by numbers which define the relation of their performance to that of the mine run. At the medium rate the four larger grades gave nearly the same performance, the maximum difference among them being but 4 per cent. The steam production per pound of egg coal was 2 per cent greater than with the mine run, while with the lump and the nut it was respectively 1 per cent and 2 per cent less than with mine run. The performance with 2-inch screenings was 7 per cent less and with 11/-inch screenings 15 per cent less than with mine run. If we assume that mine run coal on the tender was worth $2.00 per ton, the relative worth on the tender of the other sizes during the medium rate tests was: 3-inch x 6-inch Egg . .$2.04 2-inch Screenings . . . $1.86 2-inch Lump . . .. 1.98 1/4-inch Screenings . . 1.70 2-inch x 3-inch Nut . . 1.96 At the high rate the 2-indh by 3-inch nut coal gave the best per- formance, producing 6 per cent more steam than the mine run; the 3-inch by 6-inch egg came next with an evaporation 5 per cent more than that of the mine run; while the 2-inch lump evaporated 3 per cent less. At this rate of evaporation the 2-inch screenings and the 11/-inch screenings produced per pound respectively 13 per cent and 18 per cent less steam than the mine run. If we again assume that mine run was worth on the tender $2.00 per ton, the relative worth of the other sizes during the high rate tests was as follows: 2-inch x 3-inch Nut . .$2.12 2-inch Screenings . . .$1.74 3-inch x 6-inch Egg . . 2.10 1/4-inch Screenings . . 1.64 2-inch Lump . . .. 1.94 The facts presented in Table 9 and in the foregoing discussion are graphically presented in Figs. 17 and 18. Fig. 17 shows the relative steam producing capacity or the relative values of the six different sizes of fuel when used at the medium rate of evaporation; and Fig. 18 presents these relations for the high rate of evaporation. These two figures and Table 9 embody the final and principal results of the whole test series. While the differences in performance of the sizes is due in some measure to inherent variations in heating value and in ash content, these variations are too small to account fully for the difference in FIG. 17. THE RELATIVE EVAPORATIVE EFFICIENCIES OF THE COALS, FOR THE MEDIUM RATE TESTS 1 ii FIG. 18. THE RELATIVE EVAPORATIVE EFFICIENCIES OF THE COALS, FOR THE HIGH RATE TESTS a, I Iw] I~I In In -I I I 95 IJ " Ss90 - I I I I I 85 L~I I I I I I I I I I I D o 0 z z z Nw xw 0 0.e . z z hi a Z Inhi Zhi ID Di w Iz I 5 , N N (5 I 0 - (L z z z w I In z z =  bJ bJ (OIr 11 u. 1.__ I I I , lm€ .J' _ TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE performance, nor is an explanation on these grounds applicable to all of the sizes. The difference in performance appears to be due chiefly to the variations in cinder loss and in the conditions of com- bustion which it was possible to maintain with the different sizes. This conclusion is supported by the discussion of cinder losses and of the heat distribution which follows in the next two sections. 18. Cinder Losses.-Information relative to the losses due to cin- ders passing out through the stack is given in Fig. 19. In considering the cinder losses as here presented it should be borne in mind that all of the coal tested was of one kind, that is, it came from one mine. Coals possessing other physical characteristics might show somewhat different results as to cinder losses under the conditions of the tests here considered. It should also be remembered that for a given rate, medium or high, the draft was, for all grades of coal, practically con- stant as shown in Fig. 15. Fig. 19 shows the amount of the stack losses when the weight of the cinders collected from the stack is expressed as a percentage of the weight of the dry coal fired, and also the amount of such loss when the heat content of the cinders collected from the stack is expressed as a percentage of the British thermal units in the coal fired. The loss when expressed as per cent of B. t. u. is numerically less than when expressed as per cent of weight of dry coal, due to the fact that the cinders do not have so high a heat value per pound as the coal from which they originate. Also, due to the fact that cinders produced at high rates of combustion have higher heating values than cinders pro- duced at low rates of combustion, the differences between percentages for medium rate and high rate tests are greater when expressed in terms of heat units than when expressed in terms of dry coal. The average heating value of the stack cinders for all medium rate tests was 8635 B. t. u. and the average value for all high rate tests was 10854 B. t. u. Column 23, Table 6, shows the heating value of stack cinders for each test and the average values for each of the twelve groups of tests. The heating values of the cinders from the medium rate tests with screenings were higher than corresponding values from other grades of coal. In Fig. 19 it will be seen that, during the medium rate tests, from 2.3 to 13.6 pounds of cinders were collected from the stack for each 100 pounds of dry coal fired; while for the high rate tests from 6.3 to 17.8 pounds were collected for each 100 pounds of coal. The ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 16- 12 10- 18 - 16 14 2- 12 I- 10 z U LOSS DUE TO STACK CINDERS IN PER CENT OF HEAT VALUE OF COAL AS FIRED MEDIUM RATE HIGH RATE NUT EGG LUMP RUN 2"S CINDER LOSS IN PER CENT OF WEIGHT OF DRY COAL FIRED w 6 SIL 4 2 Sz z z IL aI z S3 i *w ' N ________ m ___ " __ FIG. 19. THE CINDER LOSSES, EXPRESSED IN PER CENT OF THE HEAT IN THE COAL AND AS PER CENT OF THE WEIGHT OF THE DRY COAL 0  VJ~ I ffI I i=C S I TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE screened coals in all cases produced fewer cinders than the mine run coal; and the screenings produced a materially greater quantity of cinders than any of the larger sizes. When the losses are expressed as B. t. u. percentages, Fig. 19 shows that for the medium rate tests the loss on account of stack cinders was smallest in the case of the lump coal, amounting to 1.3 per cent of the heat content of the coal fired. The corresponding losses for the egg, nut and mine run coals were 1.5, 1.6, and 2.2 per cent, respec- 14 SHIlGHM RATE U 0 0 8 (n 1-- 0) 6 _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ ^ - __ _ __ _ __ _ _ * _ _ I~- n lIF 1 [1 I-. 2 - 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 FINE MATERIAL PASSED THROUGH 1" ROUND HOLE SCREEN- PERCENT COAL AS REC'D FIG. 20. THE RELATION BETWEEN CINDER LOSS AND THE PER CENT OF FINE MATERIAL IN THE COAL tively. The loss, during medium rate tests, for the 2-inch screenings was 7.1 per cent and for the 11/4-inch screenings, 11.2 per cent. The average loss from the screenings was roughly five times as great as the average loss from the larger coals during the medium rate tests. For the high rate tests the smallest heat loss due to stack cinders occurred with the nut coal. The average losses for nut, egg, lump and mine run are 5.2, 6.5, 6.7, and 8.4 per cent, respectively. The ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION corresponding loss for the 2-inch screenings was 13.2 per cent and for the 11/-inch screenings 15.7 per cent. The average loss from the screenings during the high rate tests was more than twice as great as the average loss from the larger coals. The figures and data indicate that with very fine coals such as screenings the cinder loss is large even at medium rates of combustion and with comparatively low front-end draft; but that under these conditions the cinder loss is not serious for the larger coals even when they contain a considerable amount of fine material as in mine run coal. For conditions involving high rates of combustion and strong drafts, however, the stack cinder loss is a serious one for all sizes of coal. Fig. 20 shows the relation existing between the loss due to stack cinders and the amount of l/-inch or smaller material in the coal as received. The data presented in Fig. 20 are also shown in Table 10. The curves in addition to showing the relative magnitude of the cinder losses for the two rates of operation, show that the cinder losses increased quite uniformly with the increase of fine material in the coal. At the medium rate about 1 per cent of the coal would appa- rently be lost as cinders if there were no 1/4-inch fine material at all in the coal; while at the higher rate and without such material, the loss would be about 5.5 per cent. The curve for the high rate tests shows an increase in the cinder loss of very nearly one per cent for each increase of 3.7 per cent in the amount of 1/4-inch material in the coal. The light straight lines in Fig. 20 show, for both rates, a uniform increase of one per cent in cinder loss for each 3.7 per cent increase in the 1/-inch material in the coal. The straight line repre- sents the'plotted points of the high rate tests closely but does not represent so well the points plotted for the medium rate tests. For the purposes of further discussion, however, the straight lines have been accepted as defining with sufficient accuracy the relations for both rates. For conditions similar to those of the high rate tests, therefore, the percentage loss of fuel due to stack cinders may be expected to be approximately 5.5 plus the per cent of 1/4-inch material in the coal divided by 3.7. Expressed as a formula this becomes C = 5.5 + (F -- 3.7), where C is the fuel loss on account of stack cinders expressed as per cent of B. t. u. in the coal, and F is the per cent of original coal passing TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 51 TABLE 10 PER CENT OF FINE MATERIAL IN COAL, AND LOSSES DUE TO STACK CINDERS SIZE 1 2' Lump.......... 2 x 3' Nut....... 3 x 6" Egg........ Mine Run........ 2" Screenings ..... IM" Screenings ... Per Cent of Fine Material in Coal as Received, Passing Through %" Round Hole Screen 2 1.72 1.87 2.28 12.50 26.88 37.59 %' Round Hole Screen 3 2.62 2.93 3.40 19.94 41.09 57.62 1" Round Hole Screen 4 4.53 5.77 5.40 31.30 66.82 95.56 RATE 5 Medium ...... High ......... Medium...... High .......... Medium....... H igh.......... Medium....... High .......... Medium ....... High ......... Medium....... High .......... Loss Due to Stack Cinders Per Wt. of Cinders Cent in Per Cent of of B.t.u. Coal Dry inCoal as Fired Coal Fired 6 7 8 1.3 2.1 2.3 6.7 7.4 8.4 1.6 2.3 2.5 5.2 5.7 6.3 1.5 2.2 2.4 6.5 7.2 7.9 2.2 3.1 3.3 8.4 9.0 9.8 7.1 8.9 9.8 13.2 14.1 15.5 11.2 12.5 13.6 15.7 16.1 17.8 through a /-inch round hole screen. The expression for conditions similar to those of the medium rate tests is: C = F- 3.7. The per cent of coal passing through a /4-inch round hole screen has been used in the foregoing analysis since that was the smallest screen used in testing the coal for size. Similar analyses making use of the per cent of coal passing through a 1/2-inch or 1-inch screen show similar relations and result in similar formulas, with only a change in the value of the divisor. When F is the per cent of coal passing through a ½-inch round-hole screen, these formulas become: C = 5.5 + (F - 5.7), for the high rate conditions, C = F -- 5.7, for the medium rate conditions; and when F is the per cent of coal passing through a 1-inch round-hole screen, the corresponding formulas are: C = 5.5 + (F - 9.3), for the high rate conditions, C = F - 9.3, for the medium rate conditions. It should be remembered that kind of coal, intensity of draft, firebox and front end arrangement and probably other factors may materially affect the relations existing between cinder losses and the amount of fine material in coal, and that in the tests under consider- ation these variables have a very limited range. The results, therefore, ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION if applied to conditions other than those from which they were derived should be used with caution and with an understanding of their limita- tions. During tests with the four larger grades, larger quantities of cinders were collected than there was 1-inch, or smaller, material in the coal. For these coals a considerable portion of the cinders must therefore have come from comparatively large pieces of coal. In the Screenings tests the cinders collected were materially less in amount than the 1-inch or smaller material that existed in the coal. At all comparatively high rates of combustion therefore, and probably also at lower rates, there must be factors determining the amount of cinders produced other than the original amount of fine material in the coal fired. 19. Heat Distribution.-Fig. 21 presents average heat balances for the tests with each grade of coal for both medium and high rate tests. The figures have been so constructed that the groups are arranged with relation to decreasing values of the per cent of heat absorbed by the boiler during the high rate tests. This places the grades in the following order: nut, egg, mine run, lump, 2-inch screen- ings, and 11-inch screenings, the nut coal having shown the high- est boiler efficiency, followed by the other sizes in the order named. During the medium rate tests the mine run coal showed the high- est average boiler efficiency followed by egg, lump, nut, 2-inch screenings and 11/4-inch screenings in the order named. The per- centages of heat absorbed by the boiler, during the medium rate tests, for the four grades of coal other than screenings, were, however, very nearly the same, ranging only from 75.8 per cent for mine run to 73.6 per cent for nut coal. Fig. 21, in addition to the per cent of heat absorbed by the boiler, shows the following items, all in percentages of the heat of the coal fired; loss due to stack cinders; loss due to hydrogen in the coal, mois- ture in the coal, and moisture in the air; loss due to combustible in the ash; loss due to heat of the escaping gases; loss due to incomplete combustion of gases; and the "radiation and unaccounted for" loss. The complete heat balances, tabulated in Appendix III, present the same information in more detail and for each test. Fig. 21 reveals various relations concerning the heat distribution. For the high rate tests the figures representing cinder losses increase in size to about the same extent as the figures representing heat absorbed by the TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE FIG. 21. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEAT DURING BOTH THE MEDIUM RATE AND THE HIGH RATE TESTS boiler decrease, in passing from nut to 11/-inch screenings. In general also, all of the figures representing losses other than the cinder loss appear to be nearly equal. The principal exceptions to the gen- eral statements just made are found in the facts that losses due to incomplete combustion vary considerably, and that the heat distribu- tion representing the lump coal tests shows a small cinder loss and a large "unaccounted for" loss. It may be said, however, that there was little variation in the losses due to escaping gases, to the ash-pan, to incomplete combustion, to moisture, and to radiation and unac- counted for, as between the different grades; and that the differences in the amounts of heat absorbed by the boiler are to be accounted for chiefly by the variation in the losses due to cinders. This last statement is illustrated by Fig. 22, in which the height of each vertical band is proportioned to the sum of the heat absorbed by the boiler and the heat carried away in the cinders. It is obvious ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION from the figure that, at the medium rate, the inferiority of the screen- ings as compared with the other sizes is entirely accounted for by their cinder losses. Among the four larger grades the cinder losses were small and nearly alike during the medium rate tests, and the differences in performances are not chargeable to cinders, but to other factors. Of these four sizes the mine run shows the highest boiler efficiency, despite the largest cinder loss. During the high rate tests FIG. 22. THE SUM OF THE HEAT ABSORBED BY THE BOILER AND THE HEAT LOST IN THE CINDERS, FOR BOTH THE MEDIUM AND THE HIGH RATE TESTS TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE the inferiority of the screenings is again almost entirely accounted for by the cinder loss. The difference in performance of the four other grades is also apparently due chiefly to the heat carried away in the cinders, except as regards the lump coal which, although its cinder loss was less than that of the mine run and about equal to that of the egg and nut, nevertheless gave a performance inferior to all of them. This fact reflects the difficulty experienced in firing the lump coal at the high rate, which has been previously alluded to. The radiation and unaccounted for losses are, for all grades, quite uniform, the minimum and maximum values for the twelve groups being 3.0 per cent and 9.3 per cent. The minimum, maximum, and average values for the entire 36 tests are 2, 11.2, and 5.2 per cent respectively. If there were no unaccounted for loss the average value of 5.2 per cent should represent with some degree of exactness the radiation loss. In addition to the heat losses accounted for there are probably other losses not measured, such as those due to sensible heat carried away by the ash and cinders, unburned combustible gases not determined by the gas analysis, and unburned carbon in the smoke other than the cinders which are collected. Making an allow- ance of 1 or 2 per cent for the losses just mentioned and deducting this from the total average unaccounted for-5.2 per cent-would leave the average value for the loss due to radiation at about 3 or 4 per cent. While we have no very reliable data as to the radiation loss under conditions similar to those of the tests, the figure 3 or 4 per cent is probably not greatly in error. There is, further, for all tests a com- paratively small variation of the radiation and unaccounted for loss from the mean value. Because of these facts it is fair to conclude that, in general, the heat distributions as given in the tables account for practically all of the heat content of the coal; that the amounts actually unaccounted for are so small as not seriously to invalidate any portion of the balances; and finally that the approximately com- plete and correct accounting for of all the heat content of the coal makes it probable that values defining the heat distribution may safely be taken as a basis for conclusions concerning the test results. IX. CONCLUSIONS • Such generalizations as follow seem warranted by the test results. They are presented as applicable only to the coal tested. How closely they apply to coals from other fields is not clear, although it is prob- ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION able that they hold good for other coals of like mechanical make-up and similar physical properties. If it is desired to apply these conclu- sions to coals from other fields, the facts should be borne in mind that the six sizes tested were more nearly alike in chemical composition and heating value than is often the case, that the cinder losses account in large measure for the differences in performance, that the firing was unusually uniform and constantly supervised, that the large lumps in both the mine run and lump coals were broken before firing, and that the same exhaust nozzle was used throughout all tests. The purpose of the tests and the general program are set forth in Chapter II. The heating values and the chemical analyses of the six sizes of coal tested are given in Table 1 of Chapter III, and their mechan- ical make-up is defined in sections 6 and 7 of that chapter. The final results of the tests, expressed in terms of equivalent evap- oration per pound of dry coal, are presented in Columns 2 and 4 of Table 9 in Chapter VIII, and they are discussed at the end of sec- tion 17 in that chapter. The relative values of the six sizes are defined by the percentage values given ih Columns 3 and 5 of Table 9 in Chapter VIII, and are illustrated by Figs. 17 and 18. It should not be forgotten that these percentages define the relative values of the coals on the tender -not at the mine. At the prices which prevailed when the tests were made, both sizes of screenings were slightly more economical than the mine run coal. Among the four larger grades the mine run was much more economical than either the egg, nut, or lump coals. Averaging the results at both rates of evaporation, the price differential between 2-inch screenings and 11/4-inch screenings was just offset by the superior performance of the former. Except as regards the lump coal at the high rate of evaporation and the four larger grades at the medium rate, the heat lost in the cinders accounts almost entirely for the differences in performance among the various grades. These losses are shown in Figs. 21 and 22 and they are discussed in sections 18 and 19. For the Screenings they varied during the medium rate tests from 7.1 to 11.2 per cent, and in the high rate tests from 13.2 to 15.7 per cent. Among the four larger sizes the heat lost in the cinders varied during the medium rate tests from 1.3 to 2.2 per cent, and in the high rate tests from 5.2 to 8.4 per cent. TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE Inspection of Figs. 21 and 22 reveals the fact that, despite greater heat loss in the cinders, mine run coal at the medium rate of evapo- ration had a higher boiler efficiency than either the egg or the lump; and at the high rate its efficiency was greater than that of the lump, and only 1.3 per cent inferior to that of the egg. It is assumed that this is due to the better combustion of the smaller pieces of coal, which are more numerous in the mine run than in the two other sizes. The inferiority of the performance of the nut coal at the medium rate was probably due to insufficient draft. Its superior performance at the high rate is considered to be due to its small cinder loss and to the evenness and uniformity of the fire which it was possible to maintain with this grade. At the high rate of evaporation it was more difficult to handle the fire with lump coal than with mine run; and at both rates the evaporative efficiency of the lump was less than that of mine run. The test results offer, therefore, no support for the popular belief in the superiority of lump coal. As stated in Chapter III the large lumps in both the mine run and lump coals were broken before firing-the former somewhat the more thoroughly, as is evidenced by the fact that after being thus cracked all of the mine run would pass a 5-inch round opening, whereas only 74 per cent of the lump would pass an opening of this size. As has been stated, the evaporative efficiency of the mine run was greater than that of the lump at both rates of evaporation. Since these two coals were not in other respects identical, the facts cited do not form a conclusive argument for the advantage of breaking the large lumps; but, taken in connection with the firing experience in the laboratory, they do offer support for the opinion expressed by the Fuel Test Committee that the cracking of coal to the point where it will all pass a 5-inch or 6-inch round-hole screen is worth more than it costs at well equipped coal chutes. ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION APPENDIX I THE LOCOMOTIVE The locomotive has been briefly described in the body of this report. For convenience of reference some of the facts there cited are repeated in this appendix which is intended to describe the locomotive in detail. 20. General Design.-Baltimore and Ohio locomotive 4846 is of the 2-8-2 type and is shown in general design in Figs. 12, 23, 24, and 25. It was built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in the sum- mer of 1916. It uses superheated steam at 190-pound boiler pressure, in simple cylinders, 26 inches in diameter by 32 inches stroke. Its principal general dimensions are as follows:- Weight of locomotive, in working order . . . . 284500 lb. Weight of tender, loaded . . . . . . . . .. 180000 lb. Weight of locomotive and tender, in working order . . 464500 lb. Weight on front drivers . . . . . . . . .. 55600 lb. Weight on intermediate drivers . . . . . . .. 54900 lb. Weight on main drivers .. . . . . . . . 56200 lb. Weight on back drivers . . . . . . . 55300 lb. Weight on drivers, total .. . . . . . . . 222000 lb. Weight on leading truck . . . . . . . . . . 19400 lb. Weight on trailing truck . . . . . . . . .. 43100 lb. Nominal maximum tractive effort . . . . . .. . 54587 lb. Driving wheel base .... . . . . . . . 16 ft.- 9 in. Total wheel base of locomotive . . . . . . . . 35 ft.- 0 in. Driving wheel diameter-nominal . . . . . . . 64 in. Driving wheel diameter-actual . . . . . . . . 63.92 in. Leading truck wheel diameter .. . . . . . . 33 in. Trailing truck wheel diameter .. . . . . . . 46 in. Main driving journals .... . . . . . . . 11' x 21 in. Other driving journals . . . . . . . . 91/2 x 13 in. Leading truck journals . . . . . . . . 6x6 in. Trailing truck journals .. . . . . . . . . 8 x 14 in. 21. The Boiler, Firebox, and Front End.-The boiler, the general design of which is shown in Figs. 26 and 27, was of the wagon top radial stay type, composed of four ring courses and the back end. The main steam dome was mounted over an opening about 27 inches in diameter and an auxiliary dome was mounted on the back end, about one-third of the length of the firebox back of the flue sheet. Flexible staybolts were used throughout. 60 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION FIG. 24. PARTIAL FRONT ELEVATION TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 61 FIG. 25. REAR ELEVATION AND SECTION THROUGH THE CAB rW 0 zs 0 z 0 TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE The firebox was provided with a "Security" brick arch carried on four 3-inch arch tubes. The grates-shown in Fig. 28-were of the box type with a total area of 69.8 square feet and a total area through the grate openings of 17.0 square feet-24.4 per cent of the grate area. In ordinary operation the firebox was fed by a Street mechan- ical stoker built by The Locomotive Stoker Company. Its general design is shown in Fig. 25. Three inlets of 51/2-inch inside diameter were provided in the back head for the stoker nozzles. The general design of the front end and the superheater appears in Figs. 26 and 27. While the locomotive was being broken in in service the front-end arrangements shown in the figures were tested by using coal similar to that to be used during the tests and were found to be satisfactory. They were not modified during the progress of the tests. The superheater was of the Schmidt top-header type and consisted of 34 elements. The principal boiler dimensions appear in the follow- ing list: Outside diameter of first ring . . . . . Cylindrical courses, thickness of sheet . . . Wrapper sheet, thickness . . . . . .. Back flue sheet, thickness . . . Front flue sheet, thickness . . . . . Firebox sheets, thickness . . . . . .. Number of 2%-inch tubes . . . . . Number of 51/2-inch tubes . . . . . . Number of 3-inch arch tubes . . . . . Length between tube sheets . .. . .. Water space in the boiler . . . . Steam space in the boiler . . . . . . Heating surface of 21-inch tubes, fireside Heating surface of 51/2-inch tubes, fireside Heating surface of 3-inch tubes, fireside . Heating surface of front tube sheet, fireside . Heating surface of firebox, fireside . . . Total water heating surface, fireside . . . Superheating surface, fireside . . . . . Total water and superheating surface, fireside Number of superheater tubes . . . . . Outside diameter of superheater tubes . . . Total length of superheater tubes . . . . Length of firebox, inside . . . . . . . Width of firebox, inside . . . . . . . Depth of firebox, at front . . Depth of firebox, at back ... Volume of firebox .. . . . .... Grate area.. . . . . . . . . Exhaust nozzle, tip diameter . . . . . . 78 ia and % 3/2 94a 94s 218 34 4 21 ft. 547.3 cu. ft. 144.7 cu. ft. 2,410.0 sq. ft. 972.8 sq. ft. 31.4 sq. ft. 15.3 sq. ft. 200.4 sq. ft. 3,630.0 sq. ft. 1,030.0 sq. ft. 4,660.0 sq. ft. 136 1J in. 2,733.5 ft. 120 in. 84 in. 81 in. 711/ in. 348.6 cu. ft. 69.8 sq. ft. 6 in. 64 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION FIG. 27. THE FRONT-END ARRANGEMENT AND THE SUPERHEATER FIG. 28. THE GRATES TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 22. The Cylinders and the Valves.-The arrangement of the cylinders and the valves is shown in Fig. 24. The valves were driven by a Baker-Pilliod gear. The following list presents the principal cylinder and valve dimensions together with data useful in interpret- ing the indicator diagrams: Cylinder diameter, right side Cylinder diameter, left side Valve chamber diameter, right side. Valve chamber diameter, left side Stroke of piston, both sides . . . Piston rod diameter, both sides Piston displacements: Right side, head end . . . Right side, crank end . Left side, head end . . . . Left side, crank end . . . . . . . . . . 25.771 . . . . . . 25.767 . . . . . . 14.0 . . . . . 14.0 . . . . . . 32.0 . . . . . . 4.0 . . . . . 9.660 . . . . . . 9.427 . . . . . 9.657 . . . . . 9.424 in. in. in. in. in. in. cu. ft. cu. ft. cu. ft. cu. ft. Clearance volumes-per cent of piston displacement: Right side, head end . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 per cent Right side, crank end . . . . . . ... . 11.5 per cent Left side, head end . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 per cent Left side, crank end . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 per cent ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION APPENDIX II TEST METHODS AND CALCULATIONS The test methods employed were, in general, those outlined in the "Method of Conducting Locomotive and Road Tests" as published in the Proceedings of the American Railway Master Mechanics' Asso- ciation, Volume 47, page 538. All tests were run under one of two sets of conditions as to speed and cut-off: The "Medium Rate" tests at a speed of 100 revolutions per minute and at 33 per cent cut-off, and the "High Rate" test at a speed of 135 revolutions per minute and at 55 per cent cut-off. The test methods employed were the same for all tests, and throughout each test all conditions subject to control were maintained as nearly constant as possible. The graphical logs in Appendix III show to what extent uniformity of test conditions was obtained during tests 2416 and 2405, and these logs may be taken as fairly representative of test conditions for all of the tests. All instruments were known to be correct within reasonable limits or were calibrated at intervals and suitable corrections applied to the observed data. Observations were in general taken every ten minutes. Indicator diagrams were taken from each end of both cylinders at intervals varying from ten minutes on some tests to forty minutes on other tests. Owing to the uniformity of test conditions and to the fact that only two sets of conditions as to speed and cut-off were employed, the taking of indicator diagrams more frequently was unnecessary. The locations of the more important instruments and apparatus are indicated in the figures in Appendix I. 23. Duration of Tests.-The tests varied in length from 58 min- utes for test 2435 to 6 hours and 17 minutes for test 2401. The gen- eral test program contemplated one medium and one high rate test for each size of coal during which approximately ten tons of coal should be burned per test; and two medium and two high rate tests for each grade of coal during which approximately 62/ tons of coal should be burned per test. An examination of the data shows that during five tests ten tons or more of coal were burned per test; that during 30 tests the amount of coal per test varied from 4 to 9 tons; and that in one test only 2 tons of coal were burned. For the entire 36 tests the average amount of coal burned was 7 tons per test. As an average therefore about 200 pounds of coal per square foot of grate were burned per test. TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 67 24. Beginning and Closing a Test.-Fires were built upon a clean grate for each test. With sufficient steam pressure, the locomotive was started and was gradually brought to the required conditions of speed and cut-off. It was then operated for a short time under the required conditions and until a satisfactory fire and a satisfactory boiler pressure were being maintained. On signal the ash pan and cinder separator were closed, observations of water levels and steam pressure were made, and the test was begun. In closing a test simul- taneous observations were made upon water levels, steam pressure and condition of fire. The locomotive was then stopped as quickly as conditions warranted. As soon as possible after stopping, ashes were removed from ash pan, and cinders from the cinder separator. In all cases it was endeavored to have the same amount of com- bustible matter upon the grate at the close as at the start of the test. The removal of ash from the fire in connection with the closing of the test was primarily for the purpose of judging the amount of combusti- ble upon the grate and not for the purpose of collecting ash. The en- deavor was made to have the boiler pressure and the water level in the boiler substantially the same at the close as at the beginning of the test. Corrections were made for such irregularities as occurred. 25. Temperatures, Pressures, etc.-Temperatures in the firebox were measured by a platinum and platinum-rhodium thermocouple; and front-end and superheated steam temperatures by copper and copper-constantan couples. Mercury thermometers were used at other points where temperature observations were made. Boiler pressure observations were taken from a gauge located in the engine cab. Draft pressures were measured by means of "U" tubes with water or with differential draft gauges. Quality of steam was determined by means of a throttling calorimeter fitted with a suitable sampling tube. During portions of a few tests the moisture in the steam was so great that it could not be measured by means of the throt- tling calorimeter. Speed was measured by means of a stroke counter. 26. Flue Gas Sampling and Analysis.-Front-end gas samples were collected through a sampling pipe provided with numerous small holes along the pipe through which the gas was drawn. The time during which a single sample was collected varied from 20 to 60 min- utes, depending mainly upon the total length of the test. The taking of samples covered in general the entire time of the test. All samples were collected over mercury and analyzed immediately after collec- tion. The apparatus used for the analysis of the flue gases was ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION Burrell and Seibert's modification of Haldane's apparatus. The accu- racy of this apparatus is sufficient to distinguish 0.01 per cent of car- bon monoxide, of methane, or of hydrogen. In the present work, CO, percentages were checked to 0.02 per cent and unusual care was taken both in the collection of samples and in the analysis in order that reli- able data might be secured regarding the percentages of carbon monoxide, of methane, and of hydrogen. The tabulated data relating to the composition of the flue gases, as well as the heat losses due to methane and to hydrogen, indicate that under ordinary conditions very little of the original heat of the coal is lost because of the presence of these gases and that only a small error will be made if the volume of these gases which is present be treated as carbon monoxide instead of as methane and hydrogen. 27. Samples of Coal, Ash, and Cinders for Chemical Analysis.- Following the close of a test, the ashes collected in the ash pan and the cinders collected in the cinder separator were weighed and sampled. Samples weighing from 50 to 150 pounds were collected as the ash and cinders were being weighed, a small amount being taken from each barrow load after passing over the scales. Ninety-five per cent or more of each cinder sample being smaller than 16 inch, the large sample was thoroughly mixed and reduced by "quartering" to a five-pound sample. The ashes were mixed and crushed to 1/-inch size and reduced to a five-pound sample by "'quar- tering. " The general practice of sampling the coal for chemical analysis was that outlined in the 1915 Year Book of the American Society for Testing Materials. During each test, as the coal was loaded from the bins into the wagons to be transferred to the firing platform, amounts weighing approximately 15 pounds (one scoopful) were placed in sampling cans. The number of these portions was so proportioned that a total sample of 1,000 pounds would be collected from the total amount of coal fired during one test. In the case of the ll/4-inch and the 2-inch screenings, because of their general uniformity and thorough mixture resulting from the process of screening and loading, the number of scoops of sample coal was so proportioned to the gross amount of coal burned that total samples weighing approximately 500 pounds instead of 1,000 pounds were collected. For test 2435 a sample of only 200 pounds was collected. For all other tests the samples weighed 500 pounds or more. The average weight of all samples collected for the grades larger than screenings was 885 pounds. TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE Special care was exercised to ensure that the coal selected for samples was in all respects representative of the coal being fired. In general, samples for the chemical laboratory were prepared from the large samples immediately after collection. The samples were pre- pared largely by mechanical means which produced results equivalent to the hand method described in the year book of the American Society for Testing Materials. The entire sample was crushed by rolls to less than 1-inch size, then mixed by "coning" and reduced by "long pile" mixing and "quartering" to from 125 to 250 pounds. This amount was then pulverized and, through quartering, was reduced to a five-pound sample. The five-pound samples of coal, ash, and cinders were submitted to the chemical laboratory for analysis. 28. Chemical Analysis of Coal, Ash, and Cinders.-The chemical analysis and heat determinations were made by the United States Bureau of Mines at the Experiment Station Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pa. The methods of analysis and details of the apparatus used by the Bureau of Mines in analyzing coal are fully described in Technical Paper 8 issued by the bureau in June, 1913, and all samples of coal, ash and stack cinders were analyzed in accordance with those methods. Proximate analyses and direct B. t. u. determinations were made for the coal sample for each test. One ultimate analysis was made for each size of coal tested. The ultimate analyses were made from composite samples. Each composite sample was made by combining equal parts by weight from the air-dried samples representing the tests for each grade of coal. The ultimate analyses for the individual tests which appear in the report are based upon the percentages of moisture, ash, and sulphur as determined by the proximate analysis; and upon the assumption that the percentages of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen as determined for the individual tests are pro- portional to the percentages of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen as determined for the composite samples of that size by ultimate analysis. Proximate analyses and direct B. t. u. determinations of the cinder samples were made for each test. Proximate analyses were made of the ash sample for each test and direct B. t. u. determinations were made for each ash sample for tests 2400 to 2427 inclusive. For the ash samples subsequent to test 2427, the B. t. u. values were calculated from an average B. t. u. value for one pound of moisture-free and ash- free content of the ash samples. The average moisture-free and ash- ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION free B. t. u. value for all ash samples 2400 to 2424 inclusive, is 14,148 B. t. u. per pound, and all ash samples subsequent to test 2427 have B. t. u. values dependent upon this average value and proportional to the moisture-free and ash-free content of the individual samples. 29. Samples of Coal for Mechanical Analysis.-From each car of coal delivered, a sample was taken for mechanical analysis to deter- mine the grade percentages in each size of coal. All samples were col- lected in uniform manner, the handling from car to separating screens being such that approximately the same amount of incidental break- age took place as occurred when the regular firing coal was transferred from the cars to the firing platform. As each car of the run of mine and the 2-inch lump coal was unloaded, every twentieth scoopful and every twentieth lump unloaded by hand were set aside. In the case of the other coals, which contained no large lumps, every fifteenth scoopful was set aside. The weight of each sample collected was about five per cent of the weight of the coal in each car. 30. Smoke Records.-The Ringelmann scale was used in making the smoke observations. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the Ringelmann chart represent respectively, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 per cent of black smoke. Owing to the large amount of steam escaping with the stack gases, changes in temperature and light greatly affect the appearance of the smoke as regards its apparent blackness. Due to these and other causes which affect the value of observations of this kind, the tabulated results regarding blackness of smoke should be accepted as only approximately correct. 31. Methods .of Calculation.-The methods used in determining the calculated results are in general similar to the detailed methods of calculation published in Bulletin No. 82, University of Illinois, Engi- neering Experiment Station. The calculations relating to heat losses due to the presence of hydrogen and methane in the escaping gases were based upon the determination of the amounts of these gases present and upon heat values of 62100 and 23842 B. t. u. per pound for hydrogen and me- thane, respectively. The steam tables of G. A. Goodenough, presented in "Properties of Steam and Ammonia,"' have been used in all calculations pertaining to the properties of steam. TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE Certain methods of calculation relating to the determination of the amount of superheated steam produced and the amount used by the engine are as follows: Item 409. Degrees of Superheat (Branch-pipe Temperature)- (Temperature of Saturated Steam at Branch- pipe pressure). Item 644. Factor of Evaporation Hs - h 971.7 H8 = Total heat of steam at branch-pipe press- ure. h = Heat of liquid due to feed water temper- ature. Heat Transfer Across Water Heating Surface per Minute, B. t. u. Item 633 X (q xr - h) - 60 q + xr - h = the heat added to each pound of water evapo- rated by the boiler exclusive of the superheater. Heat Transfer Across Superheater Heating Surface per Min- ute, B. t. u. (Pounds of steam to superheater per minute) X (Hs - q -xr) Hs - q - xr = the heat added to each pound of steam pass- ing through the superheater. Item- 645. Equivalent Evaporation per Hour, Pounds. [(Heat transfer per hour across water HS) + 971.7 (Heat transfer per hour across Superheater HS) J Superheated Steam per Hours, Pounds. Item 645 - Item 644 Superheated Steam to Engine per Hour, Pounds. (Superheated steam per hour) - (Superheated steam loss per hour due to Calorimeter leaks, Corrections, etc.) ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION APPENDIX III TABULATED DATA AND RESULTS The purpose of this appendix is to present, for the sake of those who are interested in the details of the tests, all the data and the results. The appendix consists of sixteen tables and two figures. Tables 11 to 26, inclusive, contain the results for each of the 36 tests arranged in six groups. Each of the six groups presents the data and the results for a particular size of fuel. Within each group the arrangement is such that the medium rate tests precede the high rate tests. The tests Were numbered consecutively in the order in which they were run and their arrangement within the tables is, with few exceptions, also in this order. Under each size of fuel the results of all tests made at a common rate of evaporation have been averaged and these averages appear in the tables in bold face type. The columns headed "Test Number" and "Laboratory Desig- nation" are repeated from table to table to facilitate cross reference. The first term of the column headed "Laboratory Designation" indi- cates the kind of fuel; the second, the nominal speed in revolutions per minute; and the third, the nominal cut-off in per cent of stroke. The abbreviations used in this column are: M. R. for mine run; 2 in. S. for 2-inch screenings; and 11/4 in. S. for ll/4-inch screenings. The data and the results are presented under 146 column headings. The numbers assigned to these columns are included between 344 and 900 and they appear in the tables in the order of these numbers, which are in general the same as those used in the code for testing locomotives published in the Proceedings of the American Railway Master Mechanics' Association, Vol. 47, p. 538. In Fig. 29 and Fig. 30 are shown graphical logs for tests 2416 and 2405 respectively, which are fairly typical of all the tests. Test 2416 is a medium rate test, during which 19915 pounds of 3-inch by 6-inch egg coal were fired; whereas No. 2405 is a high rate test during which 20,000 pounds of mine run coal were fired. The lines plotted in these two figures afford a basis for judging of the uniformity of the test conditions which prevailed during these tests. TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE TABLE 11 GENERAL CONDITIONS SPEED Revolutions Laboratory Duration Designation o hjet, Code Item W M. R.-100-33 M. R.-100-33 M. R.-100-33 Average TEST NUMBER 2400 2401 2402 2403 2406 2429 2408 2409 2410 2426 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2423 2420 2422 2424 2417 2418 2419 2425 2427 2428 2442 2430 2434 2435 2436 2437 2431 2432 2433 2440 2441 345 3.62 6.28 5.20 .......... 2.72 2.68 1.92 3.77 2.33 4.33 4.50 2.67 3.00 2.00 3.50 5.83 4.00 2.00 2.17 1.98 4.00 5.83 3.67 1.00 1.50 1.83 2.00 2.62 Total 351 21576 37439 31101 21807 21687 15529 22528 13904 25886 26782 21643 24285 16189 20834 34822 23741 16214 17650 16133 23837 34894 21918 8111 12194 14963 16071 15671 M. R.-135-55 M. R.-135-55 M. R.-135-55 Average Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Average Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Average Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Average Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Average Lump-100-33 Lump-100-33 Lump-100-33 Average Lump-135-55 Lump-135-55 Lump-135-55 Lump-135-55 Average 2 in. S.-100-33 2 in. S.-100-33 2 in. S.-100-33 Average 2 in. S.-135-55 2 in. S.-135-55 Average 1 in. S.-100-33 I1 in. S.-100-33 11 in. S.-100-33 Average 11 in. S.-135-55 1.50 12063 1i in. S.-135-55 1.50 12105 Average .......... ......... Average per Minute 352 99.4 99.3 99.7 99.5 133.8 134.7 135.0 134.5 99.7 99.3 99.6 99.2 99.5 135.3 134.9 134.9 135.0 99.2 99.5 98.9 99.2 135.1 135.8 135.6 135.5 99.3 99.7 99.6 99.5 135.2 135.5 136.0 133.9 135.2 99.8 98.3 99.8 99.3 134.2 134.8 134.5 100.0 99.9 99.5 99.8 134.0 134.5 134.3 Equivalent Reverse Lever Piston Notches Speed in Speed from Miles per in Feet Center Hour per Minute 353 354 360 18.9 530.1 18.9 529.6 19.0 531.7 18.9 530.5 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.6 25.7 25.9 25.8 25.8 18.9 19.0 19.0 19.0 25.7 25.8 25.9 25.5 25.7 19.0 18.7 19.0 18.9 25.5 25.7 256.6 19.0 19.0 18.9 19.0 25.5 25.6 25.6 713.6 718.4 720.0 717.3 531.7 529.6 531.2 529.0 530.4 721.6 719.4 719.4 720.1 529.0 530.6 527.4 529.0 720.5 724.2 723.2 722.6 529.6 531.7 531.2 530.8 721.0 722.7 725.3 714.1 720.8 532.2 524.2 532.2 529.5 715.7 718.9 717.3 533.3 532.8 530.6 532.2 714.6 717.3 716.0 2 2 2 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 6 6 6 2 2 2 6 6 6 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 2 2 2 6 6 2 2 2 6 6 3.13 18475 0.97 5791 1.35 10870 1.50 12133 1.77 10603 1.87 11184 3.10 18511 .......... ......... Throt- tle 363 Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 12 TEMPERATURES TEMPERATURE, DEGREES F. TEST Laboratory Laboratory NUMBER Designation Front-y Branch Feed Fire- Out- End Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Pipe Water Box Door Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Code Item IN" 367 368 369 370 373 374 ........ 2400 M. R. -100-33 535 75 71 573 58.9 1735 51 2401 M. R. -100-33 535 73 70 566 56.0 1835 49 2402 M. R. -100-33 539 79 78 564 59.2 1812 62 Average 536 76 ........... 568 58.0 1794 ........ 2405 M. R.-135-55 627 64 61 628 56.5 2271 35 2406 M. R.-135-55 631 60 58 631 55.6 2334 25 2429 M. R.-135-55 624 48 44 618 55.2 2140 37 Average 627 57 .......... 626 55.8 2248 ........ 2408 Nut-100-33 595 51 54 589 55.2 2090 12 2409 Nut-100-33 588 54 55 582 55.2 2034 10 2410 Nut-100-33 570 58 56 569 54.1 2008 12 2426 Nut-100-33 555 49 48 572 54.9 1967 23 Average 577 53 ......... 578 54.9 2025 ........ 2412 Nut-135-55 607 50 55 629 55.7 2293 28 2413 Nut-135-55 611 45 52 632 54.5 2267 18 2414 Nut-135-55 631 51 56 634 55.9 2174 28 Average 616 49 .......... 632 55.4 2245 ........ 2415 Egg-100-33 543 65 64 576 55.9 1808 44 2416 Egg-100-33 540 62 63 574 56.2 1801 42 2423 Egg-100-33 539 46 47 571 54.8 ........ 8 Average 541 58 .......... 574 55.6 1805 ........ 2420 Egg-135-55 588 58 56 610 55.9 2210 42 2422 Egg-135-55 634 56 57 590 54.7 2278 35 2424 Egg-135-55 626 51 53 617 55.0 2183 9 Average 616 55 .......... 606 55.2 2224 ........ 2417 Lump-100-33 546 59 58 578 56.0 1838 46 2418 Lump-100-33 545 58 58 578 57.0 1857 36 2419 Lump-100-33 553 57 57 578 56.2 1849 36 Average 548 58 ........... 578 56.4 1848 ........ 2425 Lump-135-55 618 46 47 595 56.3 2178 24 2427 Lump-135-55 625 50 46 578 55.3 2308 26 2428 Lump-135-55 635 43 42 603 54.4 2277 24 2442 Lump-135-55 637 49 42 616 54.4 2192 18 Average 629 47 .......... 598 55.1 2239 ...... 2430 2 in. S.-100-33 549 56 48 583 56.4 2010 29 2434 2 in. S.-100-33 541 48 46 584 54.8 1817 -2 2435 2 in. S.-100-33 549 62 49 578 57.1 1936 25 Average 546 55 ........... 582 56.1 1921 ....... 2436 2 in. 8.-135-55 631 40 38 634 53.4 2078 5 2437 2 in. S.-135-55 634 44 40 637 54.1 2194 27 Average 633 42 ........... 636 53.8 2136 ........ 2431 11 in. S.-100-33 551 63 59 589 57.0 2003 48 2432 1tin. S.-100-33 544 76 66 591 57.6 1798 60 2433 1 in.S.-100-33 543 59 54 572 55.3 1874 13 Average 546 66 ......... 584 56.6 1892 ........ 2440 1 in. S.-135-55 634 42 38 604 54.1 2273 9 2441 1 in.S.-135-55 639 43 38 629 54.0 2234 10 Average 637 43 .......... 617 54.1 2254 ... TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE TABLE 13 PRESSURES Pressure-lb. per sq. in. Draft, in. of Water Front End TEST Laboratory Boiler Branch Labor- Back of NUMBER Designation Average Pipe tory Front Diaphragm Fire Ash Gauge Average Baro- of Dia- Box Pan ge Gauge metric phragm Below Above Damper Damper Code Iteml~S 380 383 388 394 395 ........ 396 397 2400 M.R.-100-33 190.4 179 14.3 2.8 2.3 2.1 1.2 0.2 2401 M. R.-100-33 190.0 172 14.3 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.5 0.2 2402 M.R.-100-33 190.2 174 14.2 3.0 2.5 2.3 1.6 0.2 Average 190.2 175 14.3 2.9 2.4 2.2 1.4 0.2 2405 M. R.-135-55 187.8 168 14.3 8.4 6.6 5.9 4.2 0.4 2406 M. R.-135-55 187.8 167 14.2 8.6 6.7 6.0 4.3 0.4 2429 M. R.-135-55 189.4 164 14.3 10.1 7.8 7.0 4.5 0.4 Average 188.3 166 14.3 9.0 7.0 6.3 4.3 0.4 2408 Nut-100-33 189.0 178 14.2 3.0 2.4 2.1 1.4 0.2 2409 Nut-100-33 188.5 177 14.3 2.9 2.3 2.0 1.3 0.2 2410 Nut-100-33 186.2 181 14.4 2.9 2.3 2.1 1.4 0.2 2426 Nut-100-33 189.9 182 14.5 3.6 2.8 2.5 1.8 0.1 Average 188.4 180 14.4 3.1 2.5 2.2 1.5 0.2 2412 Nut-135-55 187.1 168 14.5 9.2 7.3 6.6 4.6 0.5 2413 Nut-135-55 187.1 168 14.6 9.2 7.2 6.4 4.4 0.5 2414 Nut-135-55 187.5 168 14.5 9.3 7.3 6.5 4.5 0.5 Average 187.2 168 14.5 9.2 7.3 6.5 4.5 0.5 2415 Egg-100-33 189.9 180 14.2 3.6 3.1 2.6 1.8 0.2 2416 Egg-100-33 189.5 180 14.2 3.6 3.0 2.6 1.7 0.2 2423 Egg-100-33 190.0 182 14.4 3.3 2.7 2.2 1.4 0.2 Average 189.8 181 14.3 3.5 2.9 2.5 1.6 0.2 2420 Egg-135-55 190.1 171 14.2 9.5 7.7 6.7 4.3 0.5 2422 Egg-135-55 189.7 170 14.2 9.2 7.4 6.4 4.0 0.5 2424 Egg-135-55 190.1 170 14.5 9.3 7.3 6.4 4.1 0.5 Average 190.0 170 14.3 9.3 7.5 6.5 4.1 0.5 2417 Lump-100-33 189.9 180 14.2 3.6 3.0 2.5 1.7 0.2 2418 Lump-100-33 190.1 180 14.2 3.5 3.0 2.5 1.7 0.2 2419 Lump-100-33 190.0 180 14.4 3.5 3.0 2.5 1.7 0.2 Average 190.0 180 14.3 3.5 3.0 2.5 1.7 0.2 2425 Lump-135-55 190.0 168 14.6 9.3 7.5 6.4 4.3 0.5 2427 Lump-135-55 183.4 162 14.4 9.3 7.1 6.3 4.3 0.4 2428 Lump-135-55 186.8 166 14.4 9.4 7.4 .6.6 4.4 0.3 2442 Lump-135-55 188.9 166 14.4 10.0 8.0 7.2 4.6 0.5 Average 187.3 166 14.5 9.5 7.5 6.7 4.4 0.4 2430 2in. S.-100-33 188.6 181 14.3 3.8 3.1 3.1 1.9 0.2 2434 2 in.S.-100-33 190.0 181 14.5 3.6 3.0 2.5 ........ 0.2 2435 2 in. S.-100-33 191.1 182 14.3 3.7 3.1 2.7 2.1 0.2 Average 189.9 181 14.4 3.7 3.1 2.8 2.0 0.2 2436 2 in. S.-135-55 185.3 161 14.4 9.4 7.6 6.5 3.7 0.4 2437 2 in. S.-135-55 189.1 162 14.4 9.2 7.4 6.3 3.8 0.3 Average 187.2 162 14.4 9.3 7.5 6.4 3.8 0.4 2431 1I in. 8.-100-33 184.5 * 178 14.4 3.5 2.9 2.5 1.9 0.2 2432 11 in. S.-100-33 189.1 181 14.1 3.6 3.0 2.6 1.1 0.2 2433 11 in. S.-100-33 187.7 180 14.4 3.6 3.1 2.6 1.3 0.2 Average 187.1 180 14.3 3.6 3.0 2.6 1.4 0.2 2440 li in. S.-135-55 186.6 163 14.4 9.5 7.5 6.6 4.0 0.5 2441 11 in. S.-135-55 191.0 166 14.4 9.4 7.5 6.4 3.7 0.5 Average 188.8 165 14.4 9.5 7.5 6.5 3.9 0.5 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 14 QUALITY OF STEAM, COAL, CINDERS AND ASH, AND AIR SUPPLY Air Factor Com- Air Air Quality De- of Cor- Coal Dry bus- Ash Stack er TEST Labortr of grees rection Fired oal tible Cin- of lb - D nation Steam of for Fired by ders Car- of SuM Designation Sotta sis fr Tt BER in Super- Quality lb Total Anly- Total bo oal b. Total Analy- "IT o Dome Heat of lb. sis otal lb. Con- as Steam Total lb. sumed Fired lb. lb. lb. Code Item t" 407 409 412 418 419 420 421 423 2400 M. R.-100-33 0.9815 194 0.987 11399 10472 9393 1079 360 19.5 12.5 2401 M. R.-100-33 0.9791 190 0.985 20000 18432 16512 1920 592 19.4 12.4 2402 M. R.-100-33 0.9801 187 0.986 17000 15628 13960 1668 529. 18.3 11.7 Average 0.9802 190 ....... 16133 ...................... 494 19.1 12.2 2405 M. R.-135-55 0.9628 254 0.973 20000 18348 16346 2002 1926 15.6 8.9 2406 M. R.-135-55 0.9574 257 0.969 18630 17110 15353 1757 1579 15.7 9.2 2429 M. R.-135-55 0.9437 246 0.960 14000 12824 11390 1434 1247 16.6 9.5 Average 0.9546 252 ....... 17543 ............. ....... 1584 16.0 9.2 2408 Nut-100-33 0.9890 210 0.992 12955 11853 10702 1150 236 17.0 11.2 2409 Nut-100-33 0.9836 204 0.988 7808 7125 6423 702 169 16.7 10.8 2410 Nut-100-33 0.9840 189 0.989 14731 13442 12100 1342 311 16.6 10.8 2426 Nut-100-33 0.9853 192 0.989 16310 15064 13550 1514 482 16.5 10.8 Average 0.9855 199 ....... 12951 ..................... 300 16.7 10.9 2412 Nut-135-55 0.9516 255 0.965 18683 17022 15371 1652 1103 14.2 8.7 2413 Nut-135-55 0.9470 258 0.962 20811 18938 17196 1742 1191 15.4 9.6 2414 Nut-135-55 0.9460 260 0.961 13884 12647 11452 1195 780 15.8 9.8 Average 0.9482 258 ....... 17793 ...................... 1025 15.1 9.4 2415 Egg-100-33 0.9871 197 0.991 11888 10875 9922 953 273 19.7 12.9 2416 Egg-100-33 0.9885 195 0.992 19915 18087 16372 1715 445 20.5 13.3 2423 Egg-100-33 0.9873 191 0.991 13520 12317 11243 1073 281 18.0 11.8 Average 0.9876 194 ....... 15108 .............. ....... 333 19.4 12.7 2420 Egg-135-55 0.9466 235 0.962 13882 12666 11514 1152 1001 16.1 9.7 2422 Egg-135-55 0.9485 215 0.963 14996 13684 12564 1120 1014 15.3 9.5 2424 Egg-135-55 0.9466 242 0.962 14000 12767 11645 1121 1067 15.4 9.3 Average 0.9472 231 ....... 14293 ..................... 1027 15.6 9.5 2417 Lump-100-33 0.9882 199 0.992 13753 12470 11243 1227 285 20.0 12.6 2418 Lump-100-33 0.9861 199 0.990 20537 18508 16727 1781 396 19.5 12.3 2419 Lump-100-33 0.9852 199 0.989 13344 12060 10661 1400 312 18.8 11.5 Average 0.9865 199 ....... 15878 ..................... 331 19.4 12.1 2425 Lump-135-55 0.9440 221 0.960 7499 6850 6247 603 545 15.1 9.3 2427 Lump-135-55 0.9490 207 0.963 11775 10700 9617 1083 903 14.0 7.9 2428 Lump-135-55 0.9442 230 0.960 14122 12816 11566 "1250 958 14.7 8.7 2442 Lump-135-55 0.9439 243 0.960 15279 13902 12481 1421 1189 15.4 9.0 Average 0.9453 225 ....... 12169 ...................... 899 14.8 8.7 2430 2in.S.-100-33 0.9803 203 0.986 10000 9054 7991 1063 825 17.4 10.3 2434 2in.S.-100-33 0.9668 204 0.976 11950 10826 9595 1231 1058 18.3 10.7 2435 2in.S.-100-33 0.9714 198 0.979 3822 3478 3073 404 360 18.1 10.7 Average 0.9728 202 ....... 8591 ..................... 748 17.9 10.6 2436 2in.S.-135-55 0.9442 263 0.960 11556 10491 9297 1194 1521 17.1 9.4 2437 2in.S.-135-55 0.9439 265 0.960 13254 12041 10570 1471 1975 15.0 7.9 Average 0.9441 264 ....... 12405 ....................... 1748 16.1 9.3 2431 llin.S.-100-33 0.9794 210 0.985 7635 6998 6281 718 1023 17.1 9.6 2432 liin.S.-100-33 0.9801 211 0.986 7813 7129 6276 853 1029 18.7 10.3 2433 iin.S.-100-33 0.9681 193 0.977 13218 12087 10750 1336 1430 18.5 10.5 Average 0.9759 205 ....... 9555 .................... 1161 18.1 10.1 2440 ltin.S.-135-55 0.9442 232 0.960 14000 12730 11234 1497 2269 14.6 7.5 2441 liin.S.-135-55 0.9437 256 0.960 13750 12275 10663 1612 2185 14.8 7.4 Average 0.9440 244 ....... 13875 ...................... 2227 14.7 7.5 TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE TABLE 15 COAL, CINDERS, ASH, SMOKE AND HUMIDITY TEST NUM- BER Stack Cinder Loss Per Cent of Total Coal as Fired Laboratory Designation Code Item W M. R.-100-33 M. R.-100-33 M. R.-100-33 Average M. R.-135-55 M. R.-135-55 M. R.-135-55 Average Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Average Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Average Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Average Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Average Lump-100-33 Lump-100-33 Lump-100-33 Average Lump-135-55 Lump-135-55 Lump-135-55 Lump-135-55 Average I in. S.-100-33 2 in. S.-100-33 2 in. S.-100-33 Average I in. S.-135-55 I in. S.-135-55 Average 1I in. S.-100-33 1I in. S.-100-33 Ij in. S.-100-3& Average li in. S.-135-51 1I in. S.-135-5, Average 2400 2401 2402 2405 2406 2429 2408 2409 2410 2426 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2423 2420 2422 2424 2417 2418 2419 2425 2427 2428 2442 2430 2434 2435 2436 2437 2431 2432 2433 2440 2441 Stack Cinder Loss Per Ceni of Total Dry Coal Fired 427 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.3 10.5 9.2 9.7 9.8 2.0 2.4 2.3 3.2 2.5 7.9 7.4 8.4 7.9 2.3 2.1 2.6 2.3 8.0 8.4 7.5 8.6 8.1 9.1 9.8 10.4 9.8 14.5 16.4 15.5 14.6 14.4 11.8 13.6 17.8 17.8 17.8 Ash from Ash Pan Total lb. 428 335 1331 587 1248 1272 976 555 381 1029 789 1037 677 865 690 1155 637 1041 982 1009 1017 1520 1185 199 1349 1008 1319 388 578 123 587 637 378 330 634 740 453 Per Cent of Total Dry Coal Fired 429 3.2 7.2 3.8 4.7 6.8 7.4 7.6 7.3 4.7 5.4 7.7 5.2 5.8 6.1 3.6 6.8 5.5 6.3 6.4 5.2 6.0 8.2 7.2 7.9 7.8 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.1 9.6 8.5 8.9 9.0 1.8 2.2 2.1 3.0 2.3 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.7 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 7.2 6.8 7.6 7.2 2.1 1.9 2.3 2.1 2.9 12.6 7.9 9.5 8.2 4.3 5.3 3.5 4.4 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.4 4.6 5.3 5.1 5.8 3.7 A Q Per Cent of Total Coal as Fired 2.9 6.7 * 3.5 4.4 6.2 6.8 7.0 6.7 4.3 4.9 7.0 4.8 5.3 5.8 5.8 4.7 5.4 2.7 11.5 7.1 8.6 7.7 3.9 4.8 3.2 4.0 5.1 4.8 5.0 5.0 4.2 4.8 4.7 5.3 3.3 .4.3 Per Cent of Ash by Analy- sis 430 31.1 69.3 35.2 45.2 62.3 72.4 68.1 Smoke Per Cent of Black- ness by Ringel- mann Chart 431 29 31 35 32 59 57 38 67.6 51 48.3 54.3 76.7 52.1 57.9 62.8 38.9 72.4 58.0 72.4 67.4 59.4 66.4 90.4 87.7 90.0 89.4 82.9 85.4 84.6 84.3 33.0 124.6 80.6 92.8 82.8 36.5 47.0 30.5 38.0 49.2 43.3 46.3 52.7 38.7 47.5 46.3 49.4 28.1 38.8 45 53 48 49 22 23 28 24 52 58 55 27 26 30 28 52 62 57 8.2 8.2 9.8 8.7 7.3 7.7 6.8 7.8 7.4 8.3 8.9 9.4 8.9 13.2 14.9 14.1 13.4 13.2 10.8 12.5 16.2 15.9 16.1 Humid- ity Mois- ture per lb. of Dry Air lb. 435 0.016 0.015 0.020 0.011 0.010 0.005 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.007 0.008 0.006 0.008 0.012 0.012 0.007 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.010 0.011 0.008 0.004 0.004 ........ . . ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 16 COAL ANALYSIS Proximate Analysis-Coal as Fired Ultimate Analysis Coal as Fired Cal- orific Sul- Value TEST Laboratory Fixed Vola- phur per lb. i Nun- Designation Car- tile Mois- Ash, ep- of Coal Car- dIy- to- Oxy- BER bon Mat- ture, Pe' arately as bon, gen, Per ter, Per Per Deter- Fired Per gen, gen, Per Cent Per Cent mined, B.t.u. Cent Cent Cent Cent (ent Cet Per Cent C nt t Cent CIte " 437 438 440 441 442 443 449 450 451 452 2400 M. R.-100-33 48.08 34.32 8.13 9.47 0.93 11929 66.90 4.29 1.56 8.73 2401 M. R.-100-33 48.51 34.05 7.84 9.60 0.95 11992 67.01 4.30 1.56 8.74 2402 M. R.-100-33 46.96 35.16 8.07 9.81 0.98 11885 66.62 4.28 1.55 8.69 Average 47.85 34.51 8.01 9.63 0.95 11935 66.84 4.29 1.56 8.72 2405 M. R.-135-55 47.83 33.90 8.26 10.01 0.81 11752 66.44 4.26 1.55 8.67 2406 M. R.-135-55 48.56 33.85 8.16 9.43 0.92 11876 66.91 4.29 1.56 8.73 2429 M. R.-135-55 47.55 33.81 8.40 10.24 1.09 11806 65.91 4.23 1.53 8.60 Average 47.98 33.85. ..8.27 9.89 0.94 11811 66.42 4.26 1.55 8.67 2408 Nut-100-33 47.10 35.51 8.51 8.88 0.83 12002 67.60 4.37 1.38 8.43 2409 Nut-100-33 47.14 35.12 8.75 8.99 1.01 11956 67.16 4.34 1.37 8.38 2410 Nut-100-33 46.50 35.91 8.48 9.11 0.85 11918 67.42 4.36 1.38 8.41 2426 Nut-100-33 48.69 34.39 7.64 9.28 0.82 11992 68.00 4.39 1.39 8.48 Average 47.36 34.23 8.35 9.07 0.88 11967 67.55 4.37 1.38 8.43 2412 Nut-135-55 48.28 33.99 8.89 8.84 0.86 11918 67.29 4.35 1.38 8.39 2413 Nut-135-55 48.01 34.62 9.00 8.37 0.92 11990 67.54 4.36 1.38 8.42 2414 Nut-135-55 48.20 34.28 8.91 8.61 0.87 11923 67.46 4.36 1.38 8.41 Average 48.16 34.30 8.93 8.61 0.88 11944 67.43 4.36 1.38 8.41 2415 Egg-100-33 47.89 35.57 8.52 8.02 1.29 12143 68.18 4.49 1.50 7.99 2416 Egg-100-33 48.34 33.87 9.18 8.61 0.93 11918 67.45 4.45 1.49 7.90 2423 Egg-100-33 48.39 34.77 8.90 7.94 0.73 12100 68.40 4.51 1.51 8.01 Average 48.21 34.74 8.87 8.19 0.98 12054 68.01 4.48 1.50 7.97 2420 Egg-135-55 48.65 34.29 8.76 8.30 0.86 12042 68.11 4.49 1.50 7.98 2422 Egg-135-55 49.24 34.54 8.75 7.47 0.92 12175 68.76 4.53 1.52 8.05 2424 Egg-135-55 48.83 34.35 8.81 8.01 0.91 12049 68.27 4.50 1.51 8.00 Average 48.91 34.39 8.77 7.93 0.90 12089 68.38 4.51 1.51 8.01 2417 Lump-100-33 46.84 34.91 9.33 8.92 1.06 11826 66.26 4.22 1.48 8.72 2418 Lump-100-33 46.36 35.09 9.88 8.67 0.83 11794 66.21 4.22 1.48 8.72 2419 Lump-100-33 46.54 33.35 9.62 10.49 1.00 11601 64.78 4.13 1.45 8.53 Average 46.58 34.45 9.61 9.36 0.96 11740 65.75 4.19. .1.47 8.66 2425 Lump-135-55 48.06 35.24 8.66 8.04 0.93 12062 67.64 4.31 1.52 8.90 2427 Lump-135-55 47.66 34.01 9.13 9.20 0.89 11776 66.34 4.22 1.49 8.73 2428 Lump-135-55 46.38 35.52 9.25 8.85 0.82 11853 66.58 4.24 1.49 8.76 2442 Lump-135-55 48.58 33.11 9.01 9.30 0.64 11806 66.56 4.24 1.49 8.76 Average 47.67 34.47 9.01 8.85 0.82 11874 66.78 4.25 1.60 8.79 2430 2in.S.-100-33 47.98 31.93 9.46 10.63 0.84 11542 65.54 4.42 1.47 7.64 2434 2in.S.-100-33 48.12 32.17 9.41 10.30 0.89 11579 65.81 4.44 1.48 7.67 2435 2in.S.-100-33 48.33 32.08 9.01 10.58 0.74 11565 66.04 4.45 1.48 7.70 Average 48.14 32.06 9.29 10.50 0.82 11562 '65.80 4.44 1.48 7.67 2436 2in.S.-135-55 48.70 31.75 9.22 10.33 0.79 11592 66.03 4.45 1.48 7.70 2437 2in.S.-135-55 47.45 32.30 9.15 11.10 0.97 11470 65.30 4.40 1.47 7.61 Average 48.05 32.03 9.19 10.72 0.88 11531 65.67 4.43 1.48 7.66 2431 liin.S.-100-33 48.65 33.61 8.34 9.40 0.99 11851 67.06 4.45 1.46 8.30 2432 ltin.S.-100-33 48.13 32.20 8.75 10.92 1.07 11543 65.40 4.34 1.43 8.09 2433 1iin.S.-100-33 48.49 32.84 8.56 10.11 0.90 11698 66.36 4.41 1.45 8.21 Average 48.42 32.88 8.55 10.14 0.99 11697 66.27 4.40 1.46 8.20 2440 1tin.S.-135-55 47.85 32.39 9.07 10.69 0.97 11542 65.41 4.34 1.43 8.09 2441 Iin.S.-135-55 46.91 30.64 10.73 11.72 0.91 11151 63.24 4.20 1.38 7.82 Average 47.38 31.52 9.90 11.21 0.94 11347 64.33 4.27 1.41 7.96 TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE TABLE 17 CALORIFIC VALUE OF COAL AND CINDERS, ANALYSIS OF FRONT-END GASES Calorific Value B.t.u. per lb. Dry Coal 458 12983 13012 12929 12975 12811 12933 12888 12877 2400 2401 2402 2405 2406 2429 2408 2409 2410 2426 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2423 2420 2422 2424 2417 2418 2419 2425 2427 2428 2442 Code Item *- M. R.-100-33 M. R.-100-3a M. R.-100-32 Average M. R.-135-51 M. R.-135-5, M. R.-135-51 Average Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Average Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Average Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Average Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Average Lump -100-3X Lump-100-3; Lump-100-3; Average Lump -135-51 Lump -135-51 Lump -135-55 Lump -135-55 Average 2 in. S.-100-3; 2 in. S.-100-33 2 in. S.-100-3; Average 2 in. S.-135-51 2 in. S.-135-51 Average 1lin.S.-100-3; 1lin.S.-100-3; ltin.S.-100-3; Average lin.S.-135-5 lin.S.-135-55 Average Com- bus- tible 459 14476 14526 14474 14380 14414 14510 14528 11535 14461 14434 14485 14512 14456 14549 14495 14551 14519 14535 14486 14467 14479 14521 14479 14418 14472 14450 14443 14422 14382 14409 14382 14407 14371 14384 14384 14380 Stack Cin- ders 462 8399 8563 8570 8511 11081 11030 10921 11011 8023 7585 8231 8458 8074 10728 10822 10634 10728 7987 7999 8329 8105 10771 11234 10584 10863 7713 7574 7106 7464 10917 10849 10829 10415 10753 10611 11018 10815 10505 10157 10784 10482 10870 11203 11037 3416 3184 3409 3336 3173 3357 3827 3452 4651 3343 4426 4140 3469 3598 3436 3501 4343 4021 4182 4109 4504 4252 4288 3838 4469 4154 6.47 6.32 5.55 6.11 2.79 2.15 3.70 2.88 4.59 4.28 4.11 4.03 4.25 1.85 2.41 2.09 2.12 6.85 7.12 5.09 6.35 2.91 2.43 2.65 2.66 6.94 6.49 5.88 6.44 5.01 5.40 5.25 5.22 4.25 2.08 3.17 4.90 5.67 5.50 5.36 2.11 1.92 2.02 Analysis of Front End Gases- per cent Car- bon Mon- oxide CO 0.095 0.148 0.220 0.154 0.601 1.100 0.307 0.669 0.440 0.476 0.376 0.420 0.428 1.575 0.610 0.645 0.943 0.200 0.118 0.184 0.167 0.390 0.400 0.450 0.413 0.112 0.102 0.170 0.128 0.695 1.630 0.865 0.343 0.883 0.330 0.157 0.280 0.256 0.503 0.650 0.577 0.340 0.227 0.228 0.265 1.380 0.760 1.070 Car- bon Diox- ide CO2 12.52 12.53 13.21 12.75 15.19 14.71 14.54 14.81 13.98 14.22 14.45 14.44 14.27 15.65 15.34 15.09 15.36 12.21 11.85 13.53 12.53 15.01 15.71 15.53 15.42 12.16 12.50 12.90 12.52 15.61 15.96 15.89 15.66 15.78 13.74 13.28 13.34 13.45 13.88 15.76 14.82 13.97 12.91 13.05 13.31 15.37 15.86 15.62 80.95 81.02 81.02 81.00 81.26 82.00 81.38 81.55 80.89 80.92 80.97 80.99 80.94 80.54 81.00 81.94 81.16 80:69 80.92 81.18 80.93 81.64 81.30 81.27 81.40 80.78 80.92 80.98 80.89 81.07 80.94 81.48 81.26 81.19 80.81 81.14 81.12 81.02 81.20 81.33 81.27 80.80 81.17 81.19 81.05 80.42 81.15 80.79 0.020 0.009 0.000 0.010 0.093 0.020 0.033 0.049 0.070 0.047' 0.058 0.087 0.066 0.180 0.265 0.155 0.200 0.028 0.002 0.008 0.013 0.035 0.112 0.060 0.069 0.002 0.003 0.015 0.007 0.140 0.350 0.140 0.038 0.167 0.057 0.003 0.010 0.023 0.073 0.137 0.105 0.000 0.017 0.050 0.022 0.313 0.177 0.245 Laboratory Designation 13118 13102 13023 .12983 13057 13081 13176 13090 13116 13273 13122 13282 13226 13198 13345 13214 13252 13043 13086 12836 12988 13205 12958 13061 12974 13050 12748 12782 12710 12747 12769 12625 12697 12929 12650 12793 12791 12692 12492 12592 2436 2437 2431 2432 2433 2440 2441 Meth- ane CH4 471 0.005 0.003 0.015 0.008 0.068 0.020 0.033 0.040 0.035 0.053 0.034 0.033 0.039 0.205 0.190 0.040 0.145 0.028 0.000 0.010 0.013 0.025 0.040 0.040 0.035 0.008 0.002 0.010 0.007 0.110 0.203 0.060 0.033 0.102 0.043 0.013 0.000 0.019 0.073 0.057 0.065 0.000 0.007 0.013 0.007 0.443 0.137 0.290 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 18 WATER AND DRAWBAR PULL WATER Weight of Correction Water in for _ . T/:I- -* Oý~ w I( Delivered o er a o Laboratory to Boiler Designation by Injectors ;ode Itemn" I. R.-100-33 4i. R.-100-33 I. R.-100-33 Average 4V. R.-135-55 4. R.-135-55 A. R.-135-55 Average Iut-100-33 ,ut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Jut-100-33 Average Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Average Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Average Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Average Lump-100-33 Lump-100-33 Lump-100-33 Average Lump-135-55 Lump-135-55 Lump-135-55 Lump-135-55 Average 2 in. S.-100-33 2 in. S.-100-33 2 in. S.-100-33 Average 2 in. S.-135-55 2 in. S.-135-55 Averagi It in. S.-100-33 11in. S.-100-33 1I in. S.-100-33 Average I1 in. S.-135-55 t in. S.-135-55 Average lb. 476 80868 141151 119334 113133 112494 80329 88009 54574 99995 111980 112833 127417 83950 84089 139492 96044 84550 91315 83485 96335 138919 89522 41743 60757 77730 89495 63153 74750 24008 55754 66936 43907 44696 76873 64217 65872 Start of Water Test Level and ivnus Weight in Boiler at Close &f Test, lb. 477 +1110 -1110 + 220 +2060 + 160 +2640 0 0 0 + 180 +2950 +1380 + 880 0 0 + 18Q +2740 +2420 +3320 - 590 + 340 0 +1610 +3860 +3130 + 740 + 350 +1070 + 500 +1970 -1040 + 360 +2250 + 940 + 980 + 300 oSeam Pressure in Boiler, Start to Close, lb. 478 + 794 - 791 + 157 +1377 + 114 +1860 - 110 - 22 - 43 + 128 +1856 + 973 + 573 0 - 325 + 128 +1920 +1707 +2330 - 422 + 220 0 +1136 +2639 +2125 + 543 + 293 + 759 + 376 +1392 - 732 + 257 +1585 + 689 + 725 + 211 Loss from Boiler lb. 479 0 0 0 0 0 172 0 325 75 495 160 180 120 315 525 360 120 130 120 360 525 330 60 135 165 90 150 141 45 60 68 105 110 180 68 68 Loss from Boiler Cor- rected lb. 480 0 0 0 0 0 121 0 232 54 353 113 127 85 225 375 257 85 92 85 257 375 236 42 96 116 63 107 100 32 42 48 75 79 128 48 2405 2406 2429 2408 2409 2410 2426 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2423 2420 2422 2424 2417 2418 2419 2425 2427 2428 2442 2430 2434 2435 2436 2437 2431 2432 2433 2440 2441 Presum- ably Evapor- ated lb. 481 81662 140360 119491 113838 114510 112608 82068 103062 87899 54320 99898 111755 88468 114576 128263 84438 109092 83864 138792 95915 106190 86385 92930 85730 88348 95656 138764 89286 107902 42837 63300 79739 89975 68963 63339 75409 24342 64363 57104 66156 61630 44089 46202 77434 55908 64894 TEST NER BESS 2400 2401 2402 48 22332 22912 22588 22611 29061 66035 29392 65465 29227 Drawbar Pull lb. 487 21970 21727 21822 21840 28771 28718 28672 28720 22490 22411 22417 22640 22490 28958 29100 29128 29062 2284 23115 22533 22829 29046 29030 29104 29060 23026 23085 22983 23031 28530 27909 28441 29266 28637 22906 23091 23268 23088 27976 28938 28457 1 !_________1---------'- TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE TABLE 19 ' BOILER PERFORMANCE -COAL AND EVAPORATION Coal as Fired lb. 3439 3347 3400 3624 3453 7499 7850 7704 7640 7673 3821 3814 3952 3862 8560 8836 8698 4321 4185 4264 4257 9333 9167 9250 Iq. Ft. of Grate Sur- face 45.1 45.6 46.8 45.8 105.5 99.5 104.6 103.2 49.3 48.0 48.7 51.9 49.5 100.4 99.4 99.5 99.8 48.7 48.9 48.4 48.7 99.4 99.1 101.2 99.9 49.3 50.5 52.1 50.6 107.4 112.5 110.4 109.5 110.0 54.7 54.6 56.6 55.3 122.6 126.6 124.6 61.9 60.0 61.1 61.0 133.7 131.3 132. Dry Coal Fired-lb. Per j~our 6753 6377 6690 6607 3146 3054 3102 3348 3163 6850 7133 6992 6951 6982 3460 3455 3597 3504 7771 8027 7899 3960 3818 3899 3892 8487 8183 8335 Per TH r T per q. Ft. of Grate Sur- face 96.8 91.4 95.9 94.7 45.1 43.8 44.4 48.0 45.3 91.4 90.4 90.6 90.8 44.5 44.4 44.1 44.3 90.7 90.5 92.2 91.1 44.7 45.5 47.1 45.8 98.1 102.2 100.2 99.6 100.0 49.6 49.5 51.5 50.2 111.3 115.0 113.2 56.7 54.7 55.9 55.8 121.( 117.1 119. t Evaporation Moist Steam per Hour Ib. 633 22577 22340 22979 22632 42145 41971 42811 42309 23334 23283 23055 24834 23627 42960 42754 42219 42644 23961 23795 23979 23912 43193 42884 43233 43103 23914 23790 24348 24017 42837 42200 43502 44988 43382 24203 24069 25173 24482 4229E 44104 43202 24951 24747 2497( 24892 4326; 44024 4364' Superheated Steam-lb. IT 23906 23778 24340 24008 42889 42254 44136 44910 43547 24122 24014 25147 24428 42287 43981 43134 24907 24714 24933 24851 4318( 43941 43564 Per Hour per q. Ft. of Heat- ing Burface 4.84 4.79 4.93 4.85 9.05 9.00 9.20 9.08 5.00 4.99 4.95 5.33 5.07 9.22 9.17 9.06 9.15 5.14 5.11 5.14 5.13 9.28 9.20 9.29 9.26 9.21 9.07 9.47 9.64 9.35 5.18 5.15 5.40 5.24 9.07 9.44 9.2( 5.34 5.3( 5.35 5.31 9.27 9.41 9.31 Per lb. of Dry Coal 7.79 7.61 7.64 7.68 Per Hour 22565 22328 22970 22621 42176 41946 42854 42325 23327 23254 23059 24808 23612 42964 42720 42209 42631 23944 23788 23970 23901 43219 42881 43302 43134 6.26 5.92 6.31 6.46 6.24 6.97 6.95 6.99 6.97 5.45 5.48 5.47 6.29 6.47 6.39 6.38 5.09 5.37 5.25 TEST NUM- BER Laboratory Designation 2408 2409 2410 2426 2417 2418 2419 2425 2427 2428 2442 2430 2434 2435 2436 2437 2431 2432 2433 2440 2441 qI. R.-100-33 \I. R.-100-33 A. R.-100-33 Average M. R.-135-51 A. R.-135-51 M. R.-135-51 Average Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Average Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Average Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Average Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Average Lump-100-33 Lump-100-33 Lump-100-33 Average Lump-135-55 Lump-135-51 Lump-135-52 Lump-135-51 Averag 2 in. 8.-100-3 2in.S.-100-3 2in.S.-100-3 Averag 2in.S.-135-5 2 in. S.-135-5 Averag 1,in.S.-100-3 l1in.S.-100-3 1Iin.S.-100-3 Averag 11in.8.-135.-5 liin.S.-135-5 Averag Super- Heated Steam to Engine per Hour lb. Per lb. of Coal as Fired 7.16 7.01 7.02 7.06 5.73 6.04 5.87 5.88 6.78 6.95 6.78 6.85 6.84 6.13 6.16 6.08 6.12 7.05 6.97 7.09 7.04 6.22 6.20 6.13 6.18 6.96 6.75 6.69 6.80 5.72 5.38 5.73 5.88 5.68 6.31 6.30 6.3( 6.32 4.94 4.95 4.9( 5.7( 5.9( 5.81 5.84 4.63 42746 4.80 43478 4.72 43112 -- I I 22466 22257 22936 22533 42365 41733 43059 42386 23195 23129 22962 24588 23469 42951 42561 42224 42579 23665 23651 23774 23697 43393 42953 43581 43309 23714 23570 24190 23825 43160 42698 43892 44441 43548 23516 23656 24918 24030 42232 43376 42804 24370 24469 24514 24451 6.24 6.58 6.41 6.41 7.42 7.61 7.43 7.41 7.47 6.73 6.77 6.67 6.72 7.71 7.67 7.78 7.72 6.82 6.79 6.73 6.78 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 20 BOILER PERFORMANCE--EVAPORATION AND EQUIVALENT EVAPORATION Laboratory Designation Code Item Vol M. R.-100-33 M. R.-100-33 M. R.-100-33 Average M. R.-135-55 M. R.-135-51 M. R.-135-51 Average Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Average Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Average Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Average Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Average Lump-100-33 Lump-100-33 Lump-100-33 Average Lump-135-55 Lump-135-55 Lump-135-55 Lump-135-55 Average 2in. S.-100-33 2in. S.-100-33 2in.S.-100-33 Average 2in. S.-135-55 2in. S.-135-55 Average ltin.S.-100-33 liin.S.-100-33 liin.S.-100-33 Average liin.S.-135-55 liin.S.-135-56 Average Steam Used at Calori- meter, Safety Valve, Leaks, etc. 717 202 288 87 685 426 632 613 504 1511 871 1115 383 1259 1537 1130 505 657 384 193 570 406 1354 1961 1704 412 711 832 1206 1262 1818 1079 955 Super- heated Steam Loss per Hour due to Calori- meter Leaks, Cor- rectionw etc. lb. +101 + 78 + 32 -191 +199 -212 +122 +128 + 87 +218 + 4 +154 - 8 +270 +136 +184 -165 - 75 -292 +183 +200 +145 +611 +360 +226 + 62 +614 +526 +249 +418 +439 +457 +24 +27 +20 +88 +52 +32 +11 +112 +84 +38 +65 +86 +85 TEST NUM- BER 1.324 1.323 1.324 1.324 1.334 1.327 1.341 1.348 1.338 1.327 1.329 1.323 1.326 1.359 1.360 1.360 1.329 1.330 1.322 1.327 1.342 1.355 1.349 Equivalent Evaporation from and at 212 Degrees F.-lb. -- 31652 31458 32227 31779 57214 56071 58403 60539 58057 32010 31914 33270 32398 57468 59814 58641 33102 32870, 32961 32978 57956 59540 58748 Factor of Evap- oration 644 1.319 1.319 1.314 1.317 1.352 1.354 1.348 1.351 1.331 1.328 1.321 1.322 1.326 1.353 1.356 1.356 1.355 1.323 1.322 1.321 1.322 1.343 1.333 1.347 1.341 28673 28453 29121 49691 49164 50549 52276 28826 28426 29780 49194 51249 29692 29448 29525 50272 51156 3184 3488 3490 8274 8565 3410 3422 3436 7684 8384 Per Hour, per Sq. Ft. of Total Heat- ing Sur- face 648 6.39 6.32 6.48 6.40 12.24 12.19 12.40 12.28 6.66 6.63 6.54 7.04 6.72 12.47 12.43 12.28 12.39 6.80 6.75 6.79 6.78 12.46 12.27 12.52 12.42 6.79 6.75 6.92 6.82 12.28 12.03 12.53 12.99 12.46 6.87 6.85 7.14 6.95 12.33 12.84 12.59 7.10 7.05 7.07 7.07 12.44 12.78 12.61 Per Hour 645 29764 29451 30183 29799 57022 56795 57767 67195 31048 30881 30461 32796 31297 58130 57929 57236 57765 31678 31448 31665 31597 58043 57160 58328 57844 Per Hour, Boiler Ex. clud- ing Super- Heater 646 26867 26607 27299 49563 49190 49703 28000 27823 27597 29727 50135 49766 49059 28705 28530 28751 50233 49960 50323 Per Hour, per Sq. Ft. of Total Heating Surface Ex- cluding Super- Heater 649 7.40 7.33 7.52 13.65 13.55 13.69 7.71 7.66 7.60 8.19 13.81 13.71 13.51 7.91 7.86 7.92 13.84 13.76 13.86 7.90 7.84 8.02 13.69 13.54 13.93 14.40 7.94 7.83 8.20 13.55 14.12 8.18 8.11 8.13 13.85 14.09 2400 2401 2402 2405 2406 2429 2408 2409 2410 2426 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2423 2420 2422 2424 2417 2418 2419 2425 2427 2428 2442 2430 2434 2435 2436 2437 2431 2432 2433 2440 2441 Per Hour, per Sq. Ft. of Heat- Sur- face Super- Heater Alone 655 2.81 2.76 2.80 7.24 7.38 7.83 2.96 2.97 2.78 2.98 7.76 7.93 7.94 2.89 2.83 2.83 7.58 6.99 7.77 2.89 2.92 3.02 7.30 6.71 7.63 8.02 3.09 3.39 3.39 8.03 8.32 3.31 3.32 3.34 7.46 8.14 -- -- TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE TABLE 21 BOILER PERFORMANCE -HEAT TRANSFER, EQUIVALENT EVAPORATION, HORSE POWER AND EFFICIENCY TEST NUM- BEB Laboratory Designation Code Item g1P M. R.-100-31 M. R.-100-33 M. R.-100-33 Average M. R.-135-51 M. R.-135-51 M. R.-135-51 Average Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Average Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Average Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Average Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Average Lump-100-33 Lump-100-33 Lump-100-33 Average Lump-135-55 Lump-135-55 Lump-135-55 Lump-135-55 Average 2in.S.-100-31 2 in. S.-100-33 2in. S.-100-3i Average 2 in. S.-135-55 2 in. 8.-135-51 Average lin.S.-100-3; 1*in.S.-100-31 liin.S.-100-3; Average 1kin.S.-135-51 1*in.S.-135-51 Average Heat Trans- fer across Water H. S. per Min. B.t.u. 435096 430864 442231 436064 802652 796819 804918 801463 453535 450798 446844 481531 458177 812016 806198 794562 804259 464843 461940 465632 464138 813324 809436 814798 812519 464290 460773 471540 465534 804835 796173 818563 846524 816524 466957 460520 482315 469931 796631 830111 813371 480723 476916 478098 478579 814282 828679 821481 2400 2401 2402 2405 2406 2429 2408 2409 2410 2426 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2423 2420 2422 2424 2417 2418 2419 124462 13579( 130129 Per Cent of Equivalent Evaporatio m Evapor- ation by Water Heat- ing Sur- face Heat Trans- fer across Super- Heater H. S. per Min. B.t.u. 46917 46075 4671£ 46561 120811 12318, 130615 124868 49361 49531 46383 49701 48749 129491 13222= 132443 131388 48158 4726' 47191 47531 126491 116611 129651 124254 90.6 90.4 90.4 86.9 87.7 86.6 86.4 90.1 89.1 89.5 85.6 85.7 89.7 89.6 89.6 86.7 85.9' Super- Heat- ing Sur- face 9.7 9.7 9.6 13.1 13.4 14.0 9.8 9.9 9.4 9.4 13.8 14.1 14.3 9.4 9.3 9.2 13.5 12.6 13.7 S9.4 9.6 9.6 13.1 12.3 13.4 13.6 9.9 10.9 10.5 14.4 14.3 10.3 10.4 10.4 13.3 14.1 and at 212 degrees F.-lb. Per Hour per Sq. Ft. of Grate Area 656 426.4 421.9 432.4 817.0 813.7 827.6 444.8 442.4 436.4 469.9 832.8 829.9 820.0 453.9 450.6 453.7 831.6 818.9 835.7 453.5 450.7 461.7 819.7 803.3 836.7 867.3 458.6 457.2 476.7 823.3 857.0 474.3 470.9 472.2 830.3 853.0 6.71 6.77 6.74 7.66 7.85 7.73 7.75 6.21 6.50 6.36 6.83 7.28 7.06 Per lb. of Com- bus- tible 659 11.46 11.21 11.24 9.48 9.93 9.72 10.93 11.22 10.91 10.89 10.09 10.11 10.00 11.17 11.20 11.27 10.08 9.86 9.93 11.26 10.97 11.08 9.16 8.75 9.26 9.70 10.48 10.42 10.47 8.34 8.49 9.31 9.78 9.51 7.74 8.38 Boiler Horse- Power 660 863 854 875 864 1653 1646 1674 1658 900 895 883 951 907 1685 1679 1659 1674 918 912 918 916 1682 1657 1691 1677 917 912 934 921 1658 1625 1693 1755 1684 928 925 964 939 1666 1734 1700 1680 1726 1703 Effici- ency of Boiler Per Cent 666 76.89 74.95 75.46 75.77 64.08 66.93 65.10 65.37 73.11 75.02 73.05 73.33 73.63 67.67 67.67 67.15 67.50 74.66 75.09 75.25 75.00 67.46 65.92 66.61 66.66 75.68 73.57 74.21 74.49 61.47 58.92 62.14 65.19 61.93 70.55 70.24 70.75 70.51 56.25 57.35 56.80 .62.81 66.08 64.21 64.37 52.28 56.64 84.46 90.3 90.3 90.4 86.9 86.6 86.0 90.2 90.1 90.6 90.6 86.2 85.9 85.7 90.6 90.7 90.8 86.5 87.4 86.3 121851 11186E 127214 133841 123691 51578 5649t 56522 5486( 13401( 138731 136374 2436 2437 2431 2432 2433 2440 2441 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 22 ENGINE PERFORMANCE INDICATED HORSE POWER Least Mean Cut-Off Back- Effective Right Side Left Side TEST Laboratory Per Pressure Pressure Nnn- Designation Cent lb. per lb. per Total BEn of Stroke Sq. in. Sq. in. Head Crank Head Crank T Average Average Average End End End End Code Item ~ ................ 678 707 708 709 710 711 2400 M. R.-100-33 2401 M. R.-100-33 34.0 1.9 74.1 308.0 321.3 296.9 298.3 1224.5 2402 M.R.-100-33 33.0 2.1 73.7 309.3 .320.7 296.1 297.5 1223.6 Average 33.5 2.0 73.9 ................................ 1224.1 2405 M. R.-135-55 54.3 11.7 96.9 531.8 567.2 529.2 529.5 2157.7 2406 M. R.-135-55 53.7 12.0 95.9 528.7 562.8 527.0 533.0 2151.5 2429 M. R.-135-55 55.9 12.9 97.5 529.9 572.3 546.2 542.6 2191.0 Average 54.6 12.2 96.8 ................................ . 2166.7 2408 Nut-100-33 33.0 2.1 77.9 327.9 342.0 309.0 314.7 1293.6 2409 Nut-100-33 32.4 2.6 77.8 327.6 338.2 310.6 310.1 1286.5 2410 Nut-100-33 31.5 2.3 77.2 326.6 338.3 304.9 311.1 1280,9 2426 Nut-100-33 31.7 2.7 79.6 332.7 347.1 312.7 321.2 1313.7 Average 32.2 2.4 78.1 ........ ..................... . 1293.7 2412 N ut-135-55 ....................................... 2413 Nut-135-55 55.7 11.7 98.0 547.6 576.3 536.8 539.6 2200.3 2414 Nut-135-55 59.3 11.9 98.9 551.5 581.5 542.0 546.8 2221.8 Average 57.5 11.8 98.5 .............................. . 2211.1 2415 Egg-100-33 32.4 2.7 79.6 331.7 350.0 311.7 320.3 1313.7 2416 Egg-100-33 33.3 2.4 80.0 334.2 351.5 317.4 321.2 1324.3 2423 Egg-100-33 32.2 2.4 78.4 330.1 336.5 312.6 311.9 1291.1 Average 32.6 2.5 79.3 ............................... 1309.7 2420 Egg-135-55 57.2 13.0 97.3 540.4 571.5 536.3 540.5 2188.7 2422 Egg-135-55 58.2 13.0 97.9 552.5 580.2 533.2 548.4 2214.3 2424 Egg-135-55 56.6 12.9 98.3 547.6 585.8 544.0 542.6 2220.0 Average 57.3 13.0 97.8 .................. ............ . 2207.7 2417 Lump-100-33 36.3 2.2 80.0 335.5 350.3 320.1 317.3 1323.2 2418 Lump-100-33 33.5 2.6 80.1 338.8 350.8 320.0 320.0 1329.6 2419 Lump-100-33 32.7 2.8 79.7 335.0 351.9 314.4 319.7 1321.0 Average 34.2 2.5 79.9 ................................ 1324.6 2425 Lump-135-55 56.0 12.2 97.8 546.5 572.3 535.5 547.1 2201.4 2427 Lump-135-55 55.7 12.5 96.2 533.3 566.8 532.1 537.5 2169.7 2428 Lump-135-55 55.1 12.3 97.8 541.3 571.4 543.1 544.7 2200.5 2442 Lump-135-55 56.5 12.0 98.5 546.1 576.5 535.4 537.5 2198.5 Average 55.8 12.3 97.6 ............................... 2192.5 2430 2 in. S.-100-33 32.6 2.5 78.5 328.8 345.5 313.6 317.0 1304.9 2434 2 in. S.-100-33 33.6 2.8 80.3 337.3 345.0 321.0 311.2 1314.5 2435 2 in. S.-100-33 34.9 3.0 82.1 352.9 360.0 331.9 320.4 1365.2 Average 33.7 2.8 80.3 ................................. 1328.2 2436 2 in. S.-135-55 56.8 12.4 95.2 527.2 559.3 524.4 515.4 2126.3 2437 2 in. S.-135-55 56.9 12.7 100.0 563.6 585.5 550.9 543.5 2243.5 Average 56.9 12.6 97.6 .................................. 2184.9 2431 11 in. S.-100-33 33.9 2.9 79.9 337.2 353.8 321.9 317.0 1329.9 2432 1i in. S.-100-33 34.0 3.3 80.8 339.4 356.3 323.3 324.1 1343.1 2433 li in. S.-100-33 33.2 3.0 79.1 334.3 342.6 318.7 314.6 1310.2 Average 33.7 3.1 79.9 ................................ 1327.7 2440 1i in. S.-135-55 58.2 11.4 99.3 544.5 580.1 546.7 544.3 2215.6 2441 11 in. S.-135-55 55.6 12.2 99.7 550.5 587.3 544.8 549.0 2231.6 Average 56.9 11.8 99.5 ................................ 2223.6 TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE TABLE 23 GENERAL LOCOMOTIVE PERFORMANCE Consumed per Consumed per Ma- Ma- I. H. P. per D. H. P. per Trac- chine chine Effi- Hour Draw- Hour tive Friction ffi- ciency - Force ciency of TEST Laboratory bar Bed in oncy of Nu- Designation Dr Super Horse- Dry Super- T Loco- P Dry o Term Loco- motive BER Dr Heated Power Heated N n of Coal Steam Coal Steam M.E.P. Horse- motive Per b. Stam Steam Horse- Per Cen lb. lb . lb. Power Pe Cent Code Item 2V 734 740 743 744 747 764 770 778 779 2400 M. R.-100-33 ............... . 1108.6 2.60 20.27 ...................... 7.55 2401 M. R.-100-33 2.39 18.18 1095.2 2.67 20.32 24288 129.3 89.4 7.33 2402 M. R.-100-33 2.46 18.74 1104.6 2.72 20.76 24166 119.0 90.3 7.25 Average 2.43 18.46 1102.8 2.66 20.45 24277 124.2 89.9 7.38 2405 M. R.-135-55 3.14 19.63 1954.4 3.48 21.68 31766 203.3 90.6 5.72 2406 M. R.-135-55 2.95 19.40 1963.8 3.23 21.25 31457 187.7 91.3 6.09 2429 M. R.-135-55 3.07 19.65 1965.2 3.42 21.91 31962 225.8 89.7 5.78 Average 3.05 19.56 1961.1 3.38 21.61 31728 205.6 90.5 5.86 2408 Nut-100-33 2.42 17.93 1138.4 2.75 20.38 25563 155.2 88.0 7.07 2409 Nut-100-33 2.36 17.98 1129.7 2.69 20.47 25524 156.8 87.8 7.24 2410 Nut-100-33 2.41 17.93 1133.5 2.73 20.26 25333 147.4 88.5 7.16 2426 Nut-100-33 2.53 18.72 1139.9 2.91 21.57 26088 173.8 86.8 6.73 Average 2.43 18.14 1135.4 2.77 20.67 25627 158.3 87.8 7.05 2412 Nut-135-55 ................ 1988.7 3.21 21.60 ......... ... ....... 6.07 2413 Nut-135-55 2.86 19.34 1993.0 3.16 21.36 32134 207.3 90.6 6.12 2414 Nut-135-55 2.85 19.00 1994.9 3.17 21.17 32438 226.9 89.8 6.14 Average 2.86 19.17 1992.2 3.18 21.38 32286 217.1 90.2 6.11 2415 Egg-100-33 2.34 18.01 1150.1 2.67 20.58 26091 168.6 87.6 7.19 2416 Egg-100-33 2.33 17.86 1167.6 2.64 20.26 26208 156.7 88.2 7.34 2423 Egg-100-33 2.36 18.41 1131.0 2.70 21.02 25725 160.1 87.6 7.10 Average 2.34 18.09 1149.6 2.67 20.62 26008 160.1 87.8 7.21 2420 Egg-135-55 2.90 19.83 1991.6 3.19 21.79 31922 197.1 91.0 6.04 2422 Egg-135-55 2.86 19.40 2001.4 3.17 21.46 32123 212.9 90.4 6.03 2424 Egg-135-55 2.92 19.63 2003.4 3.23 21.75 32256 216.6 90.2 5.96 Average 2.89 19.62 1998.8 3.20 21.67 32100 208.9 90.5 6.01 2417 Lump-100-33 2.34 17.92 1160.7 2.67 20.43 26257 162.5 87.7 7.31 2418 Lump-100-33 2.37 17.73 1168.6 2.70 20.17 26257 161.0 87.9 7.22 2419 Lump-100-33 2.48 18.31 1162.2 2.81 20.81 26116 155.8 88.0 7.05 Average 2.40 17.99 1163.8 2.73 20.47 26210 159.8 87.9 7.19 2425 Lump-135-55 3.13 19.61 1957.8 3.52 22.05 32076 243.6 88.9 5.47 2427 Lump-135-55 3.32 19.68 1919.6 3.76 22.24 31554 250.1 88.5 5.23 2428 Lump-135-55 3.20 19.95 1963.8 3.59 22.35 31869 236.7 89.2 5.44 2442 Lump-135-55 3.14 20.24 1989.6 3.45 22.34 32339 208.9 90.5 5.68 Average 3.20 19.87 1957.7 3.58 22.25 31960 234.8 89.3 5.46 2430 2in. S.-100-33 2 6S 18.02 '1160.7 2.90 20.26 25743 144.2 89.0 6.88 2434 2 in. S.-100-33 2.59 18.00 1152.2 2.96 20.53 26342 162.3 87.7 6.74 2435 2 in.S.-100-33 2.61 18.25 1179.1 3.02 21.13 26932 186.1 86.4 6.63 Average 2 59 18.09 1164.0 2.36 20.64 26339 164.2 87.7 6.75 2436 2 in. S.-135-55 3.64 19.86 1905.6 4.07 22.16 31207 220.7 89.6 4.90 2437 2 in. S.-135-55 3.53 19.33 1980.4 3.99 21.90 32780 263.1 88.3 5.05 Average 3.59 19.60 1943.0 4.03 22.03 31994 241.9 89.0 4.98 2431 1i in. S.-100-33 2.92 18.32 1133.4 3.42 21.50 26213 196.5 85.2 5.77 2432 li in. S.-100-33 2.81 18.22 1161.6 3.26 21.06 26498 181.5 86.5 6.18 2433 l1 in. S.-100-33 2.93 18.71 1141.0 3.36 21.48 25937 169.2 87.1 5.92 Average 2 89 18.42 1145.3 3.35 21.35 26216 182.4 86.3 5.96 2440 1I in. S.-135-55 3.79 19.29 1977.2 4.25 21.62 32568 238.4 89.2 4.73 2441 li in. S.-135-55 3.63 19.48 2006.7 4.04 21.67 32682 224.9 89.9 5.05 Average 3 71 19.39 1992.0 4.15 21.65 32625 231.7 89.6 4.89 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 24 ANALYSIS OF ASH AND STACK CINDERS ANALYSIS Op ASH ANALYSIS OF STACK CINDERS TEST Vola- Vola- NUM- Laboratory Fixed tile Ash, Mois- Fixed tile Ash, Mois- BER Designation Carbon, Matter, Per ture, Carbon, Matter, Per ture, Per Per Cent Per Per Per Cent Per Cent Cent Cent Cent Cent Cent Code Item ; .................. 832 833 ................ 847 848 2400 M. R.-100-33 19.92 4.63 74.11 1.34 53.88 4.87 40.27 0.98 2401 M. R.-100-33 18.30 2.75 78,85 0.10 55.49 4.28 39.48 0.75 2402 M. R.-100-33 15.42 3.16 81.07 0.35 55.47 4.05 39.78 0.70 Average 17.88 3.51 78.01 0.60 54.95 4.40 39.84 0.81 2405 M. R.-135-55 24.48 3.34 71.92 0.26 73.75 4.08 21.98 0.19 2406 M. R.-135-55 25.34 2.11 71.77 0.78 73.86 2.91 22.80 0.43 2429 M. R.-135-55 27.83 3.35 67,97 0.85 72.91 3.37 23.47 0.25 Average 25.88 2.93 70.55 0.63 73.51 3.45 22.75 0.29 2408 Nut-100-33 16.64 2.26 76.82 4.28 51.75 4.73 42.27 1.25 2409 Nut-100-33 21.25 2.50 73.68 2.57 48.87 4.47 42.69 3.97 2410 Nut-100-33 14.03 2.08 82.56 1.33 52.04 5.57 40.94 1.45 2426 Nut-100-33 13.65 1.70 77.29 7.36 56.35 3.55 39.08 1.02 Average 16.39 2.14 77.59 3.89 52.25 4.58 41.25 1.92 2412 Nut-135-55 21.86 1.50 76.39 0.25 74.99 1.87 23.02 0.12 2413 Nut-135-55 21.35 1.83 75.32 1.50 73.36 2.15 24.37 0.12 2414 Nut-135-55 22.43 1.45 75.92 0.20 71.77 2.80 25.39 0.04 Average 21.88 1.59 75.88 0.65 73.37 2.27 24.26 0.09 2415 Egg-100-33 19.88 2.51 77.26 0.35 51.03 4.10 44.84 0.03 2416 Egg-100-33 21.28 2.62 73.93 2.17 52.30 4.33 43.00 0.37 2423 Egg-100-33 24.21 2.70 72.38 0.71 55.04 3.94 39.13 1.89 Average 21.79 2.61 74.52 1,08 52.79 4.12 42.32 0.76 2420 Egg-135-55 31.55 2.00 66.23 0.22 74.44 2.67 22.78 0.11 2422 Egg-135-55 22.16 1.32 76.26 0.26 77.32 2.04 20.60 0.04 2424 Egg-135-55 28.48 2.27 69.20 0.05 71.82 3.31 24.70 0.17 Average 27.40 1.86 70.56 0.18 74.53 2.67 22.69 0.11 2417 Lump-100-33 22.39 1.95 75.55 0.11 48.94 5.02 45.49 0.55 2418 Lump-100-33 21.64 4.14 72.54 1.68 48.27 4.88 46.26 0.59 2419 Lump-100-33 21.31 2.88 74.06 1.75 44.59 5.11 48.59 1.71 Average 21.78 2.99 74.05 1.18 47.27 5.00 46.78 0.95 2425 Lump-135-55 22.45 2.39 67.76 7.40 73.00 2.84 24.05 0.11 2427 Lump-135-55 32.52 1.42 65.98 0.08 73.56 2.88 23.28 0.28 2428 Lump-135-55 28.99 1.38 69.58 0.05 73.61 2.26 23.93 0.20 2442 Lump-135-55 29.61 2.38 66.77 1.24 69.58 3.22 26.92 0.28 Average 28.39 1.89 67.52 2.19 72.44 2.80 24.55 0.22 2430 2 in. S.-100-33 20.33 5.64 65.86 8.17 61.08 5.43 32.37 1.12 2434 2in. S.-100-33 19.71 6.52 71.22 2,.55 61.57 5.85 31.75 0.83 2435 2 in. S.-100-33 19.30 6.69 57.81 16.20 58.19 6.24 34.14 1.43 Average 19.78 6.28 64.96 8.97 60.28 5.84 32.75 1.13 2436 2in. S.-135-55 26.39 4.31 68.14 1.16 66.06 8.14 25.64 0.16 2437 2 in. S.-135-55 23.16 5.26 70.09 1.49 63.32 13.67 19.88 3.13 Average 24.78 4.79 69.12 1.33 64.69 10.91 22.76 1.65 2431 11in. S.-100-33 21.38 7.66 69.41 1.55 65.98 7.13 26.44 0.45 2432 1 in. S.-100-33 21.66 10.17 61.67 6.50 63.95 7.06 28.48 0.51 2433 lIin. S.-100-33 23.01 7.04 67.85 2.10 69.86 5.90 23.75 0.49 Average 22.02 8.29 66.31 3.38 66.60 6.70 26.22 0.48 2440 liin. S.-135-55 21.23 5.89 69.56 3.32 67.35 8.54 23.87 0.24 2441 11in. S.-135-55 24.50 7.09 66.24 2.17 69.57 8.47 21.50 0.46 Average 22.87 6.49 67.90 2.75 68.46 8.51 22.69 0.35 TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE TABLE 25 HEAT BALANCE -BRITISH THERMAL UNITS B.t.u. Loss PER POUND OF COAL AS FIRED ..u. - Ab- sorhed by Boiler per lb. of Coal as Fired TEST NUM- BER 2400 2401 2402 2405 2406 2429 2408 2409 2410 2426 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2423 2420 2422 2424 2417 2418 2419 2425 2427 2428 2442 8143 8133 8182 8153 6520 6578 6549 7443 7628 7511 7527 6034 6316 6175 Due to Mois- ture in Coal 852 107 111 110 109 122 144 133 Due to Mois- ture in Air 853 21 25 19 22 8 8 8 Due to Hy- dro- gen in Coal 854 520 514 517 513 492 502 502 451 480 466 Due to Es- cap- ing Gases 855 1252 1303 1283 1279 1357 1150 1254 1160 1180 1252 1197 1082 1082 1082 Due to Incomplete Combustion CO 136 97 100 111 424 231 328 H 2 0 6 22 9 98 54 76 CH 0 9 18 9 423 129 276 Due to Com- bus- tible in Stack Cin- ders 1408 1337 1167 1304 1762 1780 1771 Due to Com- bus- tible in Ash 221 193 207 203 190 204 199 203 147 175 Laboratory Designation Code Item M. R.-100-33 M. R.-100-32 M. R.-100-32 Average M. R.-135-51 M. R.-135-51 M R.-135-51 Average Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Average Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Average Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Average Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Average Lump -100-31 Lump -100-33 Lump -100-3' Average Lump -135-51 Lump -135-51 Lump -135-51 Lump -135-51 Average 9173 8988 8969 9043 7531 7949 7686 7722 8775 8969 8706 8794 8811 8065 8114 8007 8062 9066 8949 9105 9040 8123 8026 8026 8058 8949 8677 8609 8745 7414 6938 7366 7696 7354 2431 2432 2433 2440 2441 BD 2in. S.-100-31 2in. S.-100-33 2in. S.-100-3; Average 2 in. S.-135-55 2 in. S.-135-51 Average liin.S.-100-3; liin.S.-100-33 l1in.S.-100-3; Average ltin.S.-135-51 1tin.S.-135-51 Average I Due to Radi- ation, and Unac- count- ed for 869 275 421 460 385 714 358 701 591 539 292 646 608 521 358 630 707 565 362 301 440 368 656 899 665 740 236 529 358 374 1382 1139 1113 792 1107 372 378 357 369 1131 946 1039 860 468 793 707 934 780 857 -- ---- -- ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 26 HEAT BALANCE -PERCENTAGE Laboratory Designation Code Item w vM. R.-100-31 v. R.-100-3K M. R.-100-31 Average M. R.-135-51 M. R.-135-5a M. R.-135-551 Average Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Nut-100-33 Average Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Nut-135-55 Average Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Egg-100-33 Average Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Egg-135-55 Average Lump -100-3; Lump-100-3; Lump-100-3; Average Lump-135-55 Lump-135-5; Lump -135-55 Lump -135-5& Averagi 2in. S.-100-3; 2in.S.-100-3; 2in. S.-100-3; Average 2in.S.-135-5& 2 in. S.-135-5& Average 1[in.S.-100-3: l¼in.S.-100-3; [Lin.S.-100-3; Average liin.S.-135-54 liin.S.-135-5! Average Ab- sorbed by Boiler 881 76.9 75.0 75.5 75.8 64.1 66.9 65.1 65.4 73.1 75.0 73.1 73.3 73.6 67.7 67.7 67.2 67.5 74.7 75.1 75.3 75.0 67.5 65.9 66.6 66.7 75.7 73.6 74.2 74.5 61.5 58.9 62.1 63.2 61.9 70.6 70.2 70.8 70.5 56.3 57.4 56.9 62.8 66.1 64.2 64.4 52.3 56.6 54.5 882 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.2 PER CENT OF HEAT OF COAL AS FIRED 883 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 884 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.5 4.'5 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 3.9 4.3 4.1 To Es- cap- ing Gases 885 11.9 11.7 11.2 11.6 10.4 11.1 11.0 10.8 12.8 12.5 12.2 12.5 10.9 9.5 10.8 ,1.0 10.6 10.8 11.3 11.1 11.1 11.7 10.0 10.9 9.8 10.2 10.7 10.2 9.4 9.7 9.6 To Incomplete Combustion 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.6 2.2 4.5 2.6 1.1 2.6 1.2 0.6 1.1 1.0 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.2 0.8 0.9 1.0 3.7 2.1 2.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 3.7 1.2 2.5 TEST NuM- BER 2400 2401 2402 2425 2427 2428 2442 2430 2434 2435 2436 2437 2431 2432 2433 2440 2441 To Radi- ation and Unac- :ount- ed for 899 2.2 3.7 3.8 3.2 6.1 3.0 6.0 5.0 5.3 7.4 5.4 6.0 2.0 4.6 3.2 3.3 11.2 9.7 9.4 6.7 9.3 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 9.5 8.1 8.8 7.2 3.9 6.6 5.9 7.8 6.9 7.4 6.7 7.3 7.4 7.1 12.1 14.3 13.2 11.9 11.6 10.0 11.2 15.3 16.0 15.7 1.2 1.6 1.0 1.3 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.3 1.6 ~ -- -I TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE STEAM 200- PRESSURE190- ..- 180- I: LL m 1900- A <0 Sw I 800- u 1700, 0? x 1600- 0 0 - O < S22- 1 ___3- 100-2 40 O1 1- I I Ro-- D 100- 2--^ - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- FIG. 29. GRAPHIICAL LOG FOR MEDIUM RATE TEST No. 2416 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION FIG. 30. GRAPHICAL LOG FOR HIGH RATE TEST NO. 2405 TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE APPENDIX IV CYLINDER PERFORMANCE The main purpose of the tests entailed the definition of the boiler performance at only two rates of evaporation. This necessitated tests under only two conditions of speed and cut-off, which presented but little opportunity to gather data concerning the performance of the cylinders. Indicator cards were taken during all tests, under these conditions; but it proved impracticable to hold the locomotive for the determination of cylinder performance at other speeds and cut- offs, as had been originally intended. The available facts concerning cylinder performance are presented in detail for each of the tests in Tables 17, 21 and 22 of Appendix III, and their average values at both combinations of speed and cut-off are stated in the following sections. Representative indicator cards are reproduced in Fig. 31, and the data relating to them appear in Table 27. 32. Medium Rate Tests.-All medium rate tests were run with the reverse-lever in the second notch from the center of the quadrant, giving a cut-off of about 33 per cent. The speed was maintained as nearly as possible at 100 revolutions per minute, which is equiva- lent to 19.0 miles per hour on the road. The average indicated horse power was 1305. It varied from 1224 to 1365. The average drawbar pull was 22640 pounds. The average indi- cated horse power consumed in machine friction was 160. The steam consumed per indicated horse power per hour varied from a minimum of 17.73 pounds to a maximum of 18.74 pounds; and the average for all medium rate tests was 18.18 pounds. 33. High Rate Tests.-All high rate tests were run with the reverse-lever in the sixth notch from the center, giving a cut-off of about 55 per cent. The speed was maintained as nearly as possible at 135 revolutions per minute, which is equivalent to 25.7 miles per hour. The average indicated horse power was 2196. It varied from 2126 to 2243. The average drawbar pull was 28826 pounds. The average indi- cated horse power consumed in machine friction was 223. The steam consumed per indicated horse power per hour varied from a minimum of 19.00 pounds to a maximum of 20.24 pounds; the average for all high rate tests was 19.58 pounds. ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 34. Variations in Power.-Despite the fact that both the reverse- lever position and the speed were maintained constant during all medium rate and during all high rate tests, there was during the progress of the work considerable variation in indicated horse power in both groups. In general the power increased as time went on. An almost identical variation occurs in the areas of the indicator cards. Neither the variations in water rate nor in superheat offer an adequate explanation for these facts. It is assumed that they are due chiefly to changes in steam distribution brought about by wear in the valve gear. 6 --200 -100 --1200 -1 2 7 8 2:S 3 4 FIG. 31. REPRESENTATIVE INDICATOR DIAGRAMS FOR BOTH THE MEDIUM AND THE HIGH RATE TESTS TABLE 27 INFORMATION CONCERNING THE INDICATOR DIAGRAMS SHOWN IN FIG. 37 Average Average Speed for Test TEST Laboratory Diagram Right or Head or Cut-off NuM- Designation No. Left Side Crank End fo Mes per Revolutions ER Test Milesper Revolutions BER Per Cent Hour per Minute 2416 Egg-100-33 1 R H 31.0 18.94 99.5 2416 Egg-100-33 2 R C 33.8 18.94 99.5 2416 Egg-100-33 3 L H 36.0 18.94 99.5 2416 Egg-100-33 4 L C 32.3 18.94 99.5 2405 M. R.-135-55 5 R H 49.9 25.47 133.8 2405 M. R.-135-55 6 R C 58.8 25.47 133.8 2405 M. R.-135-55 7 L H 55.0 25.47 133.8 2405 M. R.-135-55 8 L C 53.4 25.47 133.8 TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE APPENDIX V COMPARISON OF LONG AND SHORT TESTS In connection with this series of tests, the question arose as to the desirability or necessity of running tests of such a length that the amount of coal burned would be about the same as a freight locomo- tive would burn in making a trip over an ordinary railroad division. This included questions such as that concerning the relative reliability of short tests burning from 4 to 6 tons of coal, and of longer tests burning from 10 to 12 tons; and that of the relative performance during the first, middle and last parts of a test burning 10 or 12 tons of coal. In order to determine to some extent the difference in boiler per- formance which might occur during short and long tests and during different parts of a test, the observations were so taken that the exact amount of water evaporated by the boiler could be determined for intervals corresponding to the firing of each 2000 pounds of coal dur- ing the medium rate tests, and corresponding to the firing of each 4000 pounds of coal during the high rate tests. For the purpose of making comparisons, six tests-three at the medium rate and three at the high rate-have been selected and divided into shorter tests. From 81/2 to 101/ tons of coal were burned during each of these six tests. The test data for each entire test were divided into three parts, resulting in data for eighteen comparatively short tests together with the data for the six original tests. With the data and results of the 24 tests thus obtained it is possible to make the following comparisons: First, between long and short tests; second, between the first, middle and last portions of a given test; and third, between the different portions and the entire test. Table 28 presents the significant data and results for the 24 tests. Six groups of four tests each appear in the table. In each group sec- tions a, b and c present, respectively the first, middle, and last portion of the entire test, developed as separate and distinct units. Immedi- ately following the data for these three portions appear the corre- sponding results for the entire test. The length of the different tests is shown in Columns 3, 4, 5 and 6 of Table 28. The entire medium rate tests were approximately 6 hours long and the entire high rate tests 3 hours long. The divided ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION tests varied in length from about one-half hour to two and one-half hours. From 224 to 271 pounds of coal were burned per square foot of grate during each entire test while for the divided tests the corre- sponding amounts vary from 52 to 115 pounds of coal per square foot of grate. The equivalent evaporation per square foot of heating sur- face varied for the entire tests from 33 to 40 pounds and for the divided tests from 6 to 16 pounds. At the University of Illinois loco- motive laboratory about 150 pounds of coal burned per square foot of grate, or from 15 to 20 pounds of equivalent evaporation per square Sfoot of heating surface, have been considered as sufficient to avoid any serious errors in test results arising from inaccuracies in coal and water measurements. TABLE 28 TEST CONDITIONS AND PRINCIPAL RESULTS FOR Six TESTS, WHICH HAVE BEEN DIVIDED INTO THREE TESTS EACH 3 4 5 6 Length of Test Dry Equiv- Coal alent Burned Evapo- Speed Sper ration in Min- Sq. Ft. per Miles utes Hours of Sq. Ft. per G:ate ofH.S. Hour During During the the Test Test lb. lb. ....... 345 ........ ....... 353 114 1.90 79.2 12.0 18.9 151 2.52 105.6 16.4 19.0 112 1.87 79.2 11.3 18.8 377 6.28 264.1 39.7 18.9 107 1.78 79.0 11.7 19.1 115 1.92 79.0 12.4 18.9 90 1.50 65.9 9.6 18.9 312 5.20 223.9 33.7 19.0 106 1.77 78.1 12.0 19.0 141 2.35 104.1 15.7 18.8 103 1.72 76.9 11.7 19.0 350 5.83 259.1 39.4 18.9 69 1.15 105.2 14.0 25.1 31 0.52 52.6 6.4 25.2 63 1.05 105.2 12.9 26.0 163 2.72 262.9 33.3 25.5 72 1.20 105.3 14.7 25.6 34 0.57 52.6 7.0 25.7 55 0.92 87.2 11.0 25.7 161 2.68 245.1 32.7 25.6 72 1.20 104.3 14.8 25.7 34 0.57 52.2 7.3 25.7 74 1.23 114.9 15.2 25.7 180 3.00 271.3 37.3 25.7 8 9 10 11 12 Pressure Temperature lb. per sq. in. Degrees F. Boiler Branch- Front- Branch- Fire- Gauge cIpe end pipe box auge 380 383 367 370 374 190.0 172 539 566 1774 190.0 172 533 564 1835 190.3 172 532 566 1907 190.0 172 535 566 1835 190.4 176 537 565 1772 190.1 172 542 563 1847 190.1 173 537 565 1825 190.2 174 539 564 1812 189.3 180 541 574 1852 189.5 180 536 572 1759 189.5 180 544 577 1794 189.5 180 540 574 1801 189.1 168 628 628 2284 188.7 169 627 628 2238 185.9 168 625 628 2279 187.8 168 627 628 2271 187.8 167 631 629 2257 188.5 169 632 630 2320 187.1 168 630 634 2467 187.8 167 631 631 2334 187.3 168 616 628 2227 186.5 168 615 632 2271 187.3 168 602 636 2305 187.1 168 611 632 2267 TEST NUMBER RATE AND SIZE Section of Test or Entire Test Code Item i- 2401 a Medium b Mine c Run Entire 2402 a Medium b Mine c Run Entire 2416 a Medium b 3'x6" c Egg Entire 2405 a High b Mine c I Run Entire 2406 a SHigh b Mine c Run Entire 2413 a High b 2'x3' c Nut Entire ~ TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE TABLE 28 (Continued) TEST CONDITIONS AND PRINCIPAL RESULTS FOR SiX TESTS, WHICH HAVE BEEN DIVIDED INTO THREE TESTS EACH 13 14 15 Draft in. of Water 1 TEST NUMBER RATE AND SIZE 2 Section of Test or Entire Test Ash- pan 397 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 16 Draw- bar Pull Ib. 487 21463 21833 21864 21727 21873 21885 21684 21822 22782 23262 23231 23115 28879 28708 28687 28771 28600 29183 28642 28718 28791 29407 29294 29100 17 De- grees of Super- heat 409 190 188 190 190 187 187 189 187 195 193 198 195 254 253 254 254 255 255 260 257 253 257 261 258 18 19 20 21 22 Coal as Fired Dry Coal lb. lb. Total 418 6000 8000 6000 20000 6000 6000 5000 17000 6000 8000 5915 19915 8000 4000 8000 20000 8000 4000 6630 18630 8000 4000 8811 20811 Per Hour 3158 3178 3214 3183 3365 3130 3333 3269 3396 3404 3445 3414 6957 7737 7619 7361 6667 7055 7230 6944 6667 7055 7146 6937 Per Hour per Per Sq. ft. Hour of Grate Surface ........ 626 45.2 2911 45.5 2929 46.1 2962 45.6 2934 48.2 3094 44.8 2877 47.8 3065 46.8 3005 48.7 3084 48.8 3092 49.4 3129 48.9 3101 99.7 6382 110.9 7099 109.2 6990 105.5 6753 95.5 i 6122 101.1 6480 103.6 6640 99.5 6377 95.5 6067 101.1 6420 102.4 6503 99.4 6313 Per Hour per Sq. ft. of Grate Surface 627 41.7 42.0 42.4 42.0 44.3 41.2 43.9 43.1 44.2 44.3 44.8 44.4 91.4 101.7 100.2 96.8 87.7 92.8 95.1 91.4 86.9 92.0 93.2 90.4 Examination of the data shows that test conditions with regard to speed, pressures, temperatures, drafts, drawbar pull, and quality of steam were very uniform as between the first, middle, and final sections of each test, with the single exception of fire-box temperature. In general the temperature in the fire-box increased somewhat as the test proceeded. Columns 22 and 29 show, respectively, the rate of combustion expressed in dry coal per square foot of grate per hour, and the rate of evaporation expressed in equivalent evaporation per square foot of heating surface per hour. During the medium rate tests these rates were quite uniform through the 3 sections of each entire test. During the high rate tests the rate of combustion increased as each test pro- ceeded, the greater part of this increase occurring during the first Front- end Front of Dia- phragm 394 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.6 8.2 8.5 8.6 8.4 8.6 8.8 8.7 8.6 8.9 9.2 9.6 9.2 Fire- box 396 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.7 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.5 4.1 4.3 4.0 4.4 4.7 4.4 Code Item gf 2401 Medium Mine Run 2402 Medium Mine Run 2416 Medium 3"x6' Egg 2405 High Mine Run 2406 High Mine Run 2413 High 2"x3" Nut a b Entire a b c Entire a b c Entire a b c Entire a b c Entire a b c Entire ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 28 (Concluded) TEST CONDITIONS AND PRINCIPAL RESULTS FOR Six TESTS, WHICH HAVE BEEN DIVIDED INTO THREE TESTS EACH Section -of Test or Entire Test Code Item Ci 2401 a Medium b c Entire a b c Entire a b c Entire a b c Entire a b c Entire a b c Entire Quality of Steam in Dome 407 ..9773 0.9798 0.9802 0.9791 0.9789 0.9803 0.9807 0.9801 0.9888 0.9883 0.9886 0.9885 0.9612 0.9622 0.9660 0.9628 0.9579 0.9607 0.9549 0.9574 0.9449 0.9478 0.9489 0.9470 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 [ 31 Superheated Steam lb. 22405 22973 21390 22328 23217 22961 22710 22970 24037 23557 23952 23788 41962 42155 42176 42176 42309 42321 41200 41946 42374 44272 42381 42720 Per Sq. ft. Per of Pound Heating of Surface Coal per as Hour Fired . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 4.81 4.93 4.59 4.79 9.08 9.08 8.84 9.00 9.09 9.50 9.09 9.17 7.09 7.23 6.66 7.01 6.90 7.33 6.82 7.02 7.08 6.92 6.95 6.97 6.35 6.00 5.70 6.04 6.36 6.28 5.93 6.16 Per Pound of Dry Coal 7.51 7.98 7.41 7.64 7.80 7.62 7.65 7.67 6.91 6.53 6.20 6.58 6.98 6.90 6.52 6.77 Equivalent Evaporation lb. Per Hour 29507 30278 28213 29451 30440 30217 29886 30183 31729 31143 31736 31448 56649 57306 57107 57022 57201 57345 55909 56795 57332 60077 57553 57929 Per Sq. ft. of Heating Surface per Hour 6.33 6.50 6.05 6.32 6.53 6.48 6.41 6.48 6.81 6.68 6.81 6.75 12.16 12.30 12.25 12.24 12.27 12.31 12.00 12.19 12.30 12.89 12.35 12.43 Per Pound of Dry Coal 10.14 10.34 9.53 10.04 9.84 10.50 9.75 10.04 10.29 10.07 10.14 10.14 9.34 8.85 8.42 8.91 9.45 9.36 8.85 9.18 B.t.u. Ab- sorbed by Boiler per lb. of Coal as Fired 32 Boiler Effi- ciency Per Cent 666 9076 75.68 9260 77.22 8532 71.14 8988 74.95 8794 73.99 9377 78.90 8716 73.34 8969 75.46 9076 76.15 8891 74.60 8949 75.09 8949 75.09 7910 67.30 7200 61.27 7288 62.01 7531 64.08 8337 70.20 7900 66.52 7498 63.14 7949 66.93 8357 69.70 8279 69.05 7822 65.24 8114 67.67 section, During the high rate tests the rate of evaporation increased with the increasing rate of combustion during the first part of the test, but decreased during the latter part. This indication of some- what poorer performance during the latter part of a long test is shown more exactly by the values relating to efficiency. Columns 30, 31 and 32 show the efficiency of the locomotive boiler as a heat transferring device. For the medium rate tests the results indicate that the efficiency during the first and middle sections of the tests was higher than during the last section. For two out of three of the medium rate tests the middle section showed a materially higher efficiency than either the first or last sections. For the high rate tests efficiency decreased in general from the first to the last sec- TEST NUMBER RATE AND SIZE Mine Run 2402 Medium Mine Run 2416 Medium 3"x6' Egg 2405 High Mine Run 2406 High Mine Run 2413 High 2"x 3' Nut --- D > j.. -- TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE tion of each test, showing the best performance during the first part of the test and poorer performance as the test proceeded. The differences in performance which have been pointed out as existing between different parts of a long test are in general small. Where test conditions are not unusual and are under control, as is the case in a testing laboratory, and where it is possible to maintain uni- formly good fire-box conditions, short tests should give almost as relia- ble and almost the same results regarding evaporative performance and efficiency as much longer tests. Boiler efficiency in general decreases as a test proceeds, so that, in so far as differences in efficiency exist, the average result for a long test would be lower than for a short test corresponding to the first part of the long test, and higher than for a short test corre- sponding to the last part of the long test. Boiler efficiency is more apt to be uniform throughout long tests at medium rates of combustion than at high rates of combustion. The coal used during these tests gave little trouble in the firebox, a very small amount of clinkers being formed and the ash being readily removed. With coal which clinkers badly or which produces excessive honeycombing, the variations in performance between different parts of a long test might be much greater than those here shown.