http://hdl.handle.net/2142/1464 Allerton Park Institute Proceedings (no. 12, 1965); Edited by Harold Goldstein http://hdl.handle.net/2142/1538 Industrial Research and Development In Metropolitan Areas - The Library Environment Royer, George L. The research laboratory in most companies has grown out of the technical operation. In the chemical industry with which I am best acquainted, the technical activities centered on the production, control and testing of the products being manufactured. In many cases, this know-how was brought to this country from Europe where, most specifically, organic chemical manufacture had started prior to the first World War. After 1918 there was a rapid development in the synthetic chemical industry, and it was at this point that many of our earlier research laboratories were established. During the last forty years there has been a marked increase in research activities and many of our current industries have developed as a result. The first research laboratory was located at the manufacturing plant but its activities gradually became separated from the manufacturing operation. In this separate environment, research scientists were able to develop new products and processes which justified the research expenditures. Before World War II, research had progressed to the point where many of the larger organizations felt that it was desirable to form separate central research laboratories where scientists could devote their time to new products and new areas separate from their current fields of endeavor. Laboratories like that of Cyanamid at Stamford were established completely independent of a manufacturing location. In seeking a site for such a centralized laboratory, locations were investigated which were either close to the corporate office in a metropolitan area, close to a university, or both. During and after the second World War, there was an additional desire on the part of many large companies to expand their research activities into products related to government activities and also to expand in activities which had come out of work for the government. Libraries and metropolitan areas http://hdl.handle.net/2142/1527 Metropolitan Processes: An Overview Ennis, Philip H. In this brief review of some of the major social developments in the metropolis, two important difficulties should be noted at the outset. First, the subject is so vast and has been studied by so many different kinds of specialists that there is little standardization of concepts and generalizations. I can give, therefore, only a partial view of the scene, indicating the variety of approaches to metropolitan problems. Second, even if we were able to assimilate all the perspectives, the implications for policy planning are far from clear. There are too many contingencies open; there are too many voices demanding their own solutions. The situation is too fluid and too diverse. Indeed, a major conclusion I have come to concerning the future of the metropolis is that each situation is different; the diversity of history and the present variety of population, social organization and economic base is so great that generalizations as to social processes in the metropolitan areas have to be at such a level of abstraction that they are likely to be of little help in concrete planning. They can provide at best a general orientation for policy planning. At worst, such generalizations floating above everyday practice can become a screen for mindless, short-termed expediency. Later in this paper I will discuss, as one of the metropolitan processes, some related problems of decision-making in the planning field. Libraries and metropolitan areas http://hdl.handle.net/2142/1526 Appendix: Toronto Campbell, H.C. The Public Libraries Act of Ontario, which applies to libraries in cities, towns and villages throughout the Province, provides the general management, regulation and control of Public Libraries in cities through a Public Library Board, composed of the Mayor of the City or a member of the City Council appointed by him as his representative, three persons appointed by the City Council and three by the Board of Education, each for a 3 -year period, and two by the Separate School Board, each for a 2 -year period. The dates of foundation for library boards in the Metropolitan Toronto area are as follows: 1883 Toronto 1945 York Township 1914 Western 1950 East York Township 1915 Mimico 1950 Etobicoke 1921 New Toronto 1955 North York Township 1922 Swansea 1955 Scarborough Township 1944 Leaside 1955 Forest Hill 1944 Long Branch The Toronto Public Library Board serving 680,000 residents out of more than 1,700,000 in the Metropolitan area maintains, in addition to the Central Library, 21 branches throughout the city, together with public libraries in 6 hospitals and more than a dozen other public institutions. Other municipalities maintain a total of 26 libraries, ranging in size from 3,000 to 170,000 volumes. Libraries and metropolitan areas http://hdl.handle.net/2142/1525 Special Libraries, Their Supporting Institutions, And Metropolitan Problems Woods, Bill M. ot long ago Ervin J. Gaines* took Ralph Blasingame^ to task over an implicit assumption in an article he had written, an assumption which made everything seem so simple: that reading is vital to life, and if the idea were projected further, that libraries are vital to reading. Gaines went on, "True, it may be vital to the middle class, but is it vital to a migrant farm worker?' Many persons and groups in our twentieth century society see little need for easy access to organized collections of books. Few citizens, though, would argue against libraries unless they are compelled to place them in priority with other public services such as highways, police protection, schools, or sewage treatment. Government officials and school and college administrators, too, are unpredictable as to their reaction to libraries. What then of the Special Library, that poorly defined type of library which came into being without the security of citizen education and service? It is heartening to hear of enlightened administrators in corporations, government agencies, hospitals, museums, and similar institutions who understand and appreciate what a library can do for them, or why a library should be considered for their own organization. How often, though, are there reports of special libraries passing out of existence and how rare an occurrence is this in the college, school, and public library world? Not unusual is a letter such as one dated Monday, July 26, 1965: "Last Friday . . . management informed me that the Research Library was immediately discontinued in connection with drastic reduction of all Research activities." Libraries and metropolitan areas http://hdl.handle.net/2142/1524 Academic Libraries Amidst Changing Institutional Directions Carlson, William H. The one word in the title of this Institute about which there can be no argument is "change.* The environment in which our libraries function and the ends and purposes for which we as librarians, exist are altering before our very eyes. Cumulatively the changes have been tremendous, even within so short a period as my personal professional career. I do not feel, as a participant for almost forty years now, that the transition has, as Ralph Ellsworth maintained in his University of Tennessee Library lecture of 1962, been violent. 1 It has been sustained, though, and it has accelerated and is accelerating on a rising curve. Change and transition have indeed been a way of life for Man in his persistent march to dominate his little planet. It is said that when Adam and Eve were fleeing Eden and the wrath of God, Adam whispered to Eve, "Darling, we are living in an age of transition.' Violent or not, change has been so substantial in our entire society, and particularly in our higher educational institutions and their libraries, that the library world of today is a vastly different place and profession than the one I entered in 1926. It is quite possible that librarians, and particularly the oldsters among them, like myself, may look back to the first half of the twentieth century, with its warm and attractive codex books, its proven methodology, and its clear sense of knowing what is important, as the Eden of their profession. Conceivably, they may murmur, regretfully one to another, as they flee the computers, we are living in an age of transition. I hasten to add that I do not personally feel that the computers are going to drive us out of our Eden, and the codex book along with us. To most of the oldsters, however, I suspect that the promises and prospects of the future may seem a rather dismal departure from the happy days of individual empire building. Libraries and metropolitan areas http://hdl.handle.net/2142/1523 Higher Education In The Metropolitan Environment Fretwell, E. K. Other papers prepared for this significant conference on the "Changing Environment for Library Services in Metropolitan Areas" do an admirable job of describing the population characteristics of our large urban centers, and of delineating changes in the social structure, employment patterns, and public school systems. All of these, appropriately, relate directly or indirectly to the vital role of libraries and librarians in the perplexing yet exciting setting which the great metropolitan centers of our country represent. It is my privilege as a university dean in the central office of The City University of New York to participate in the administration of a publicly supported multi-campus institution with some 142,000 students, most of them full-time students in tuition-free programs at the undergraduate level. During the past few years our well-known and traditionally liberal arts-centered colleges (City, Hunter, Brooklyn, and Queens) have been joined by a Graduate Center which awarded our first Ph.D. degrees last spring, by a baccalaureate degree - granting College of Police Science, and by six two-year community colleges, offering both transfer as well as job-related career programs. From this vantage point some call it a precarious perch I am made aware daily of the unique role of the urban higher institution today: what ought to be done, the pitfalls and road-blocks, and the possibilities of success. I would like to offer some introductory comments on the role of urban higher education (I shall use the term metroversity) and then pose three major questions: A. What are the expanding roles which urban-based higher education institutions are seeking to fill ? B. What steps may be taken to accelerate change and provide innovation toward achieving these roles? C. What implications are there for libraries and librarians related to metropolitan colleges and universities? Libraries and metropolitan areas http://hdl.handle.net/2142/1522 The School Library In The Changing Metropolitan School Environment Fenwick, Sara Innis Change has become a constant, and the acceptance of this factor in all areas of our living has had the effect of continually challenging the assumptions that guide our personal and public relationships, and our productivity. That there are some important challenges to the assumptions on which school library service operates is the basis of my discussion today. The setting is the school the school which Dr. Hansen has discussed. When School Libraries Today and Tomorrow was formulated in 1945 to provide standards for the development of post-war school library service, the first objective outlined for the school library was to serve the school in the accomplishment of its educational purposes. That objective continues to be the focus of planning for library service in the school, and is reflected in the judicious planning of this program . The definitions of the school library could be made only in the light of such an interpretation of the problems of the metropolitan school as Dr. Hansen has provided. The immediate environment of the school library is the school; and to the extent that that environment is modified and changed by demographic and sociological factors, as well as by evolutionary innovations in educational goals and methods, the school library is challenged to re-evaluate traditional modes of organization and avenues of service. The school librarian shares with every school staff member the responsibility for meeting the needs of increasing and shifting populations that change the socioeconomic character and the educational commitment of a community, and at the same time he shares a part of the responsibility of every librarian to the continuing intellectual life of man and the records of his culture. Libraries and metropolitan areas http://hdl.handle.net/2142/1521 The Education Crisis In The Nation's Large Cities Hansen, Carl F. More than 25 percent of the nation's children are educated in the school systems of 52 cities of 300,000 or greater population. An analysis of the special educational problems in the large cities is the purpose of this paper. Inadequacy of Fiscal Support. In these cities, the increasing number of children to be educated is met by a steadily diminishing flow of local tax money. Unlike its suburban counterpart, the city tax dollar is heavily allocated to services supporting human beings in trouble. Health, welfare, and protection services, particularly police, take great slices of the tax dollar pie, reducing still further the amount of money available to build and staff schools, to supply the basic teaching tools, such as books, visual and auditory learning aids, equipment, and to set up the ancillary services desperately needed when children come from deprived homes. The lack of space for school programs, for instance, puts many children on part-time schedules. From 1948 in the nation's capital nearly 40,000 children attended schools on half-day schedules and during the same period thousands of children were turned away from public school kindergartens for the lack of room. Moreover, every available square foot of space is used for class purposes: auditoriums, libraries, even store rooms and shabby basement rooms. The new programs now to be available under Federal financing are not going to help much unless school construction is accelerated. Library books, for example, bought with Title II money under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act will not be used well when there is no school library to put them in. Libraries and metropolitan areas http://hdl.handle.net/2142/1520 The Public Library In The Metropolitan Environment Blasingame, Ralph If it was not clear before that the term "metropolitan area* is a very broad one, encompassing circumstances both complex and widely differing, it certainly is now. The forces, problems and opportunities in any large center of population present an overwhelming maze of interactions; of matters which seem simple only to those who wish them to be. Close and objective examination of the results of the massing of people in relatively small geographic areas seem only to lead us from one tentative conclusion about a problem to another factor, whose roots are bound up with still others. Furthermore, it is also clear that the examination of one urban area does not necessarily yield useful information about others. Even if a certain problem about which we have some facts in one metropolitan area actually exists in another area, there is some chance that it has not yet been perceived and set forth as an important problem. To make matters worse, superficially, many metropolitan areas bear similarities to others and thus conceal their real outlines, making agreement as to the relative shape and importance of unusual characteristics difficult to achieve. It is possible to make the case that many, perhaps all, metropolitan areas are very much alike. Each must have certain basic industries, communications media, food and service facilities and so forth. These similarities, however, do not make the central matters for consideration for the public librarian in San Angelo, Texas, (a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area) the same as those for the New York Metropolitan area, and nothing else can, either. Libraries and metropolitan areas http://hdl.handle.net/2142/1519 Problems Of Planning In The Metropolitan Environment Rockwell, Matthew L. We have been asked to consider the problems of planning in the metropolitan environment. If we were to confine our remarks merely to those problems with which the planner must wrestle, then perhaps our task could be made simpler even though the list would be long. Obviously planners must consider in varying degrees the multitude of difficulties facing people who live in the metropolitan government. Merely to enumerate the areas of concern is not to provide the formula by which we hope to effect the solution. It is easy to point out the number one problem we face in planning for the metropolis. It is, simply, PEOPLE. (Or at least, that there are more and more of them). The most important ingredient in any metropolitan environment is, of course, its people. This is why these areas came to be. And people are the reason we have problems to solve. To provide a better environment in which future generations will live and in which they will freely and fully develop their talents is the goal of all those working to improve society. If we review the important role of urbanized society over the centuries and look at the accomplishments of the people who have been affected by the environment of the metropolis, we see one aspect of our problem. When we recognize that more and more of the world's population is gathered into urbanized clusters we see another facet of the task before us. With over two-thirds of the population of the United States in cities or in metropolitan areas, the importance of these regions is clearly visible. While there may be concern for the future in any area facing considerable population gains, there are perhaps louder groans in areas with a static or shrinking population. It isn't growing. Something is wrong. People are leaving. Libraries and metropolitan areas