Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells by flow-limit field-injection electrostatic spraying

Abstract

In the last decade, lead halide perovskite solar cells have taken the photovoltaics community by storm, increasing to over 22% efficiency at an unprecedented rate while offering low-cost fabrication from earth-abundant materials. However, several key issues remain, one of the most significant being scalability due to a combination of the slow processing, large thermal budgets, and long range variation of most other techniques. In this work, we report an inexpensive, low-temperature (~70°C), and fast (~15 minute) method of spraying and converting perovskite solar cells all in a single step without the use of flash-annealing. With this technology, known as Flow-Limited Field-Injection Electrostatic Spraying (FFESS), we achieved excellent cell power conversion efficiencies with a standard FTO/TiO2/Perovskite/Spiro-MeoTad/Gold architecture.