Removal of PFAS from wastewater - An end-of-life LCA

Abstract

Adsorbents have shown promise to remove per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from wastewater. Recently, styrene functionalized cyclodextrin has shown high adsorption affinity and selectivity for PFAS. This adsorbent can be regenerated through a solvent wash. Solid PFAS can be generated downstream of this separation step by evaporation of the solvent. The ideal method of disposing this PFAS is influenced by cost, sustainability, and policy considerations. We have used life cycle assessment to compare three methods for disposing of the PFAS recovered from the adsorbent: landfilling, incineration, and ball milling. We compare these three options on the basis of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, toxicity, and water consumption. We also consider potential costs associated with each option and the influence of emerging policies related to PFAS disposal that could influence the choice.