Retrieving information enhances subsequent recall of that information. This testing effect has been demonstrated with a wide range of learning materials in both the laboratory and the classroom. But the benefits of testing ...

During language comprehension, the brain rapidly integrates incoming linguistic stimuli to not only incrementally build a contextual representation, but also predict upcoming information. This predictive mechanism leads ...

Episodic memory is the human cognitive faculty that enables humans to have a record of everyday events. Relational processing and representations are widely accepted to be the crucial underlying mechanism, implemented in ...

In list-method directed forgetting (DF) paradigm, participants study two lists of items, with half of them being told to forget List 1 before studying List 2. The typical findings involve impaired List 1 memory in the ...