Integrated Optimization of Cryptosporidium Inactivation and Bromate Formation Control in Ozone Contactors

Abstract

The primary objective of this research was to develop process operation and design recommendations for the simultaneous control of C. parvum oocysts and bromate during ozone disinfection. Elucidation of factors affecting the level of C. parvum inactivation and bromate formation, such as source water characteristics and ozone contactor operating conditions, was pursued by computer simulation along with a wide range of experiments with lab- and pilot-scale ozone contactors. The effect of the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) was incorporated into the model using grouped empirical reactions between NOM and oxidants. Finally, a user-friendly software was developed to serve as a tool for engineers involved in the design and operation of ozone disinfection systems, plant operators responsible for optimizing system operation and demonstrating regulatory compliance, and government officials in charge of developing drinking water regulations.